Notes in G35 Intestines, Rectum, and Anal Canal

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Published	11/02/2024	The {{c2::superior mesenteric}} artery supplies structures of the {{c1::midgut}}, the {{c2::inferior mesenteric}} artery supplies structures of the {{…
Published	11/02/2024	The proximal attachment of the small intestines is to the {{c1::stomach}}, the distal attachment is to the {{c1::cecum}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Luminal mucosal folds of the small intestines are called {{c1::plicae circulares}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The duodenum is divided into {{c1::four}} segments. {{c1::The intraperitoneal superior portion and (secondarily) retroperitoneal descending,…
Published	11/02/2024	Plicae circulares are found {{c1::throughout the entirity of the small instestine except for the proximal 3-5 cm of the duodenum following the pylorus…
Published	11/02/2024	The duodenum cradles {{c1::the head of the pancreas}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The smooth portion of the duodenum is found in the {{c1::superior}} portion and is termed the {{c1::duodenal cap/bulb}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The descending portion of the duodenum courses {{c1::inferiorly}} to the {{c1::right}} of {{c1::L1-L3}} vertebra. It is {{c1::parallel and to the righ…
Published	11/02/2024	The major and minor duodenal papilla can be found in the {{c1::descending (2nd)}} portion of the duodenum.
Published	11/02/2024	The horizontal portion of the duodenum crosses the body of the {{c1::L3}} vertebra, posterior to the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} artery.
Published	11/02/2024	The final portion of the duodenum is the {{c1::ascending}} portion. It travels {{c1::cranially}}, {{c1::lateral}} to the {{c1::L2-L3}} vertebra to the…
Published	11/02/2024	The ascending (fourth) portion of the duodenum terminates {{c1::ventrally}} in order to form the {{c1::duodenojejunal flexure}}. This area is demarcat…
Published	11/02/2024	The jejunum is {{c1::intra}}peritoneal.
Published	11/02/2024	The jejunum is {{c1::wider}}, {{c1::thicker}}, and {{c1::better vascularized (redder)}} than the duodenum. Its plicae circulares are {{c1::very}} prom…
Published	11/02/2024	Blood vessels of the jejunum are located in the {{c1::mesentery (mesojejunum)}}. Jejunal arteries branch into {{c1::1-2 arterial arcades}} which furth…
Published	11/02/2024	The ileum is {{c1::intra}}peritoneal.
Published	11/02/2024	The ileum is {{c1::narrower}}, {{c1::thinner}}, and {{c1::less vascular (paler)}} than the jejunum. Its plicae circulares are {{c1::not}} prominent.
Published	11/02/2024	Ileum arteries are found in the {{c1::mesentery (mesoileum)}}. They branch into {{c1::4-5 arterial arcades}} that further branch into {{c1::short vasa…
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::teniae coli}} is {{c2::the outer, incomplete, longitudinal layer of smooth muscle of the large intestine}}.
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::Haustra}} are sacculutes or {{c2::pouches}} in the colon between {{c1::teniae coli}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Fat filled appendages of the external colon are termed {{c1::epiploic (omental) appendices}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Internal mucosal folds of the colon are termed {{c1::semilunar folds}} and they run between {{c1::adjacent expanses of teniae coli}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The large intestine is divided into {{c1::the cecum and appendix, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, …
Published	11/02/2024	The cecum is {{c1::intra}}peritoneal and is divided from the ileum by the {{c1::ileocecal orifice}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The appendix is {{c1::intra}}peritoneal.
Published	11/02/2024	The ascending colon is {{c1::secondarily retro}}peritoneal.
Published	11/02/2024	The ascending colon is {{c1::narrower}} than the cecum and travels from the {{c1::cecum}} to the {{c1::hepatic (right colic) flexure}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The transverse colon is {{c1::intra}}peritoneal. It is the {{c1::largest}} and {{c1::most}} motile portion of the large intestine.
Published	11/02/2024	The transverse colon courses from the {{c1::hepatic (right colic) flexure}} to the {{c1::splenic flexure}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The transverse colon attaches to the mesentery posteriorly via the {{c1::transverse mesocolon (posteriorly)}} and anteriorly via the {{c1::gastrocolic…
Published	11/02/2024	The descending colon is {{c1::secondarily retro}}peritoneal. It is the {{c1::narrowest}} portion of the colon and extends from the {{c1::left colic fl…
Published	11/02/2024	The sigmoid colon is {{c1::intra}}peritoneal. It is {{c1::S}}-shaped and connects the {{c1::descending colon}} to the {{c1::rectum}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Parasympathetic innvervation of the gut is supplied by the {{c1::vagus nerve up until the left colic flexure (ie foregut and midgut) and the sacral (p…
Published	11/02/2024	Parasympathetic innvervation of the gut serves to {{c1::increase motility/peristalsis and secretions, vasodilate, and relax spinchters}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The branches of the superior mesenteric artery are:{{c1::The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (anastamoses with superior from celiac trunk)The inte…
Published	11/02/2024	The intestinal arteries arise from the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} artery. They are roughly {{c1::15-28}} arteries that supply the {{c1::jejunum and i…
Published	11/02/2024	The ileocolic artery is a branch of the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} artery, typically from a common stem with the {{c1::right colic}} artery. It suppl…
Published	11/02/2024	The branches of the inferior mesenteric artery are{{c1::The left colic arteryThe sigmoidal arteriesThe superior rectal artery}}
Published	11/02/2024	The left colic artery arises from the {{c1::inferior mesenteric}} artery and supplies the {{c1::distal 1/3 of the transverse colon and descending}} co…
Published	11/02/2024	The superior rectal artery is {{c1::the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery after the final sigmoidal branch}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The inferior mesenteric vein terminates in the {{c1::splenic vein (60%) or the superior mesenteric vein (40%)}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The abdominal lymph trunks are primarily the {{c1::lumbar, intestinal and descending thoracic}} trunks. They converge at {{c1::the cisterna chyli}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The extensive anastamoses of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries form a ringed-structure known as the {{c1::marginal artery of drummond}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The rectum can be divided into the {{c1::sacral}} and {{c1::anorectal}} flexures
Published	11/02/2024	The terminal part of the rectum is a part of the {{c1::anorectal}} flexure. This flexure is maintained by the {{c1::puborectalis muscle}} in order to …
Published	11/02/2024	The lateral flexures of the rectum generate internal {{c1::transverse folds}}, {{c1::two}} on the left side, and {{c1::one}} on the right
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::anterior, lateral, and superior}} portions of the rectum are all retroperitoneal. The remainder are considered {{c1::subperitoneal}}
Published	11/02/2024	The rectum is supplied arterially by the:(Proximally) {{c1::Superior rectal artery}} from the {{c1::IMA}}{{c1::Middle rectal arteries}} from the {{c1:…
Published	11/02/2024	The superior portion of the rectum is drained by the {{c1::superior rectal}} vein into {{c1::portal}} circulation whereas the middle and inferior port…
Published	11/02/2024	The internal rectal venous plexus is deep to the {{c1::epithelial}} layer of the rectum while the external rectal venous plexus is external to the {{c…
Published	11/02/2024	The anal canal courses inferiorly between the {{c1::perineal body}} and the {{c1::anococcygeal ligament}}
Published	11/02/2024	Terminal branches of the superior rectal vessels extend into the {{c1::anal columns of the anal canal}}
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::anorectal junction}} is found at the superior end of the anal columns
Published	11/02/2024	The inferior ends of the anal columns form the anal {{c1::valves}} which lie inferior to the anal {{c1::sinuses}}. Compression of these valves stimula…
Published	11/02/2024	The inferior limit of the anal valves forms the {{c1::pectinate line}} which is the {{c1::junction of the superior and inferior anal canal}}
Published	11/02/2024	Regions superior to the pectinate line are supplied arterially by the {{c1::superior rectal artery}} and are drained by the {{c1::internal rectal veno…
Published	11/02/2024	Above the pectinate line, the anorectal canals are innervated by the {{c1::inferior hypogastric plexus (lumbar splanchnic nerves and pelvic splanchnic…
Published	11/02/2024	Tissues above the pectinate line are derived from the fetal {{c1::hindgut}} whereas those below the line are derived from {{c1::surface ectoderm}}
Published	11/02/2024	Regions below the pectinate line are supplied arterially by the {{c1::inferior rectal}} artery. This region is innervated by the {{c1::inferior rectal…
Published	11/02/2024	Internal hemorrhoids are dilations of the {{c1::internal}} rectal plexus, {{c1::above}} the pectinate line. They are typically {{c1::painless::painful…
Published	11/02/2024	External hemorrhoids are dilations of the {{c1::external}} rectal plexus {{c1::below}} the pectinate line
Published	11/02/2024	the duodenum begins at the {{c1::pyloric orifice}} and ends at the {{c1::duodenojejunal flexure}}
Published	11/02/2024	the jejunum begins at the {{c1::duodenojejunal flexure}} and ends at the {{c1::ileum}}
Published	11/02/2024	the ileum ends at the {{c1::ileocecal junction}}
Published	11/02/2024	Meckel’s diverticulum (ileal diverticulum) is a congenital anomaly in which a remnant of the {{c1::proximal vitelline duct (yolk stalk)}} remains as a…
Published	11/02/2024	the large intestine begins at the {{c1::ileocecal junction}} and terminates at the {{c1::anal canal}}
Published	11/02/2024	the lamina propria of the vermiform appendix is filled with {{c1::lymphoid tissue}}
Published	11/02/2024	the appendix is located {{c1::posterior}} to the {{c1::cecum}}
Published	11/02/2024	the {{c2::appendicular a.}} branches off the {{c1::ileocolic a.}} to the {{c1::appendix}}
Published	11/02/2024	the right colic a. arises from the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} artery and supplies the {{c1::ascending colon}}
Published	11/02/2024	the middle colic artery arises from the superior mesenteric artery and supplies the {{c1::upper ascending and 2/3 of the transverse colon}}
Published	11/02/2024	the sigmoidal arteries are two or three branches of the inferior mesenteric a. supplying the {{c1::sigmoid colon}}
Published	11/02/2024	The midgut is sympathetically innervated by {{c1::the superior mesenteric ganglion (lesser splanchnic nn. (T9/10-T11)}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The hindgut is innervated by {{c1::the inferior mesenteric ganglion (least splanchnic n and lumbar splanchnic nn. T12-L2)}}
Published	11/02/2024	Sympathetic innervation of the gut serves to {{c1::decrease motility, peristalsis, and secretions}}. It also serves to {{c1::constrict}} sphincters an…
Published	11/02/2024	the rectum is continuous with the {{c1::sigmoid colon}} proximally and the {{c1::anal canal}} distally
Published	11/02/2024	the rectosigmoid junction is anterior to {{c1::S3}} where the {{c1::teniae coli}} fan out to form a longitudinal layer of smooth muscle lacking {{c1::…
Published	11/02/2024	the sacral flexure follows the curvature of the {{c1::sacrum}} and the {{c1::coccyx}}
Published	11/02/2024	the ampulla of the rectum is {{c1::superior to the pelvic diaphragm::location}} and is where {{c1::feces}} is stored
Published	11/02/2024	lymph from the the {{c2::superior half}} of the rectum drains into the {{c1::lumbar trunk}}
Published	11/02/2024	lymph from the {{c2::inferior}} half of the rectum drains into the {{c1::iliac lymph nodes}}
Published	11/02/2024	the anal canal begins at the {{c1::rectal ampulla}} and flexure where {{c1::puborectalis}} forms a sling
Published	11/02/2024	the external anal sphincter is a large {{c1::voluntary}} muscle that blends with the {{c1::puborectalis}} superiorly. it is innervated at S4 via the {…
Published	11/02/2024	the internal anal sphincter is an {{c1::involunatry}} muscle surrounding the superior anal canal that contracts with {{c1::sympathetic}} innervation a…
Published	11/02/2024	Sympathetic innervations of the rectum and anal canal are from postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic chain (lumbar and sacral splanchnic nn.) and…
Published	11/02/2024	Parasympathetic innervations of the rectum and anal canal are from the {{c1::sacral (pelvic splanchnic nn)}} nn. from the left colic flexure and synap…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::Below}} the pelvic pain line visceral afferent fibers follow parasympathetic fibers to {{c1::S2-4 spinal}} sensory ganglia
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::Above}} the pelvic pain line visceral afferent fibers follow sympathetic fibers to {{c1::lumbar spinal cord}}
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