Notes in 01IMUIntro

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::True::True or False}}: Immune responses are barriers to organ transplantation and gene therapy.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Innate::Innate/Adaptive}} Immunity serves as the {{c2::initial::secondary/initial}} responder of the immune system
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Adaptive::Innate/Adaptive}} Immunity involves {{c2::slow::slow/rapid}} and {{c2::specific::nonspecific/specific}} immune responses.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Innate::Innate/Adaptive}} Immunity involves {{c2::rapid::slow/rapid}} and {{c2::nonspecific::nonspecific/specific}} immune responses.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::immune system}} refers to the collection of cells, tissues and molecules that mediate these reactions.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::immune response}} refers to the the coordinated response of these cells and molecules to pathogens and other substances.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Humoral Immunity::Type of Immunity}} is mediated by antibodies produced by {{c2::B-lymphocytes::Immune Cell Type}}
Published	07/30/2024	Antibodies obtained through vaccination or prior infection is classified as {{c1::Active::Active/Passive}} Immunity
Published	07/30/2024	Antibodies obtained through placentral supply or breastmilk consumption is classified as {{c1::Passive::Active/Passive}} Immunity
Published	07/30/2024	Immune responses are regulated by a system of {{c1::positive::positive/negative}} feedback loop
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Immunocompetence}} refers to an individual's immune system capacity to recognize, respond to, and eliminate foreign antigens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Innate::Innate/Adaptive}} Immunity has the unique capacity of recognizing common patterns within microorganisms
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Interferons::Type of Cytokine}} are responsible for interfering with viral replication, and thus kill viral infection.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chemokines::Type of Cytokine}} are responsible for calling for other inflammatory cells if there are problems with a certain tissue.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::B Cells::Type of Lymphocyte}} are responsible for killing extracellular pathogenic microorganisms
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T Cells::Type of Lymphocyte}} are responsible for identifying cells that have already been infected by pathogenic microorganisms.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Humoral::Humoral/Cellular}} Response involves {{c2::B::B or T}}-cells and is concerned with identifying {{c2::extracell…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cellular::Humoral/Cellular}} Response involves {{c2::T::B or T}}-cells and is concerned with identifying {{c2::intracel…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cytotoxic T Cells (Tc; or Killer T Cells)}} are the type of T cells that are capable of identifying and killing infected cells.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T Helper Cells (Th)}} are the type of T cells that help stimulate B cells and the production of more antibodies.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T Regulatory Cells (Suppressor T)}} are the type of T cells that regulate the activity of Th and Tc cells to prevent them from go…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Memory T Cells}} are the type of T cells that remembers the antigen for future encounters.
Published	07/30/2024	Granulocytes primarily originate from the {{c1::myeloid progenitor I::progenitor}} cells
Published	07/30/2024	Cells of the {{c2::adaptive::innate/adaptive}} immune system primarily originate from the {{c1::lymphoid::myeloid/lymphoid}} progenitor
Published	07/30/2024	Cells of the {{c2::innate::innate/adaptive}} immune system primarily originate from the {{c1::myeloid::myeloid/lymphoid}} progenitor
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Specificity::Cardinal Feature of Adaptive Immunity}} ensures that immune responses are precisely targeted to microbial pathogens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diversity::Cardinal Features of Adaptive Immunity}} enables the immune system to respondto a large variety of antigens.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Memory::Cardinal Features of Adaptive Immunity}} leads to enhanced responses to repeated exposures to the same antigens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Clonal Expansion::Cardinal Features of Adaptive Immunity}} increases number of antigen-specific lymphocytes from a small number of {{c2::naïve}}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Specialization::Cardinal Features of Adaptive Immunity}} generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microb…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Contraction::Cardinal Features of Adaptive Immunity}} and {{c1::Homeostasis}} allows immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nonreactivity to self::Cardinal Features of Adaptive Immunity}} prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Antibodies}} are immune cell (plasma cells) products which can be used as specific reagents for detection and elimination of potentially ha…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Humoral immunity::Adaptive Immune Response}} primarily involves {{c3::B::lymphocyte}} cells and produces {{c2::antibodies}}, capable of identify…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Opsonization::Functions of Antibodies}} – capable of seeing and “{{c2::coating::verb}}” pathogenic microorganism and marks them for deathWhen in…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neutralization::Functions of Antibodies}} – capable of {{c2::neutralizing::verb}} the pathogenic effects of pathogenic microorganisms
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Agglutination::Functions of Antibodies}} - capable of {{c2::binding::verb}} different microorganisms to itselfWhen these microorganisms are {{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	B cell activation and antibody production can be triggered by:{{c1::microorganism itself}}{{c1::T-helper cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cell-mediated response::Adaptive Immune Response}} primarily involves {{c2::T::lymphocyte}} cells capable of identifying {{c3::INTRACELLULA…
Published	07/30/2024	T cells are diverse. It can differentiate into:{{c1::T cytotoxic (Tc) cells (killer T cells)::T lymphocyte}} – capable of identifying intracellular pa…
Published	07/30/2024	T cells are diverse. It can differentiate into:{{c1::T helper (Th) cells::T lymphocyte}} – capable of the following: (a) Enhances the respon…
Published	07/30/2024	T cells are diverse. It can differentiate into:{{c1::T regulatory cells (Suppressor T cells)::T lymphocyte}} – ensures the regulatory response do…
Published	07/30/2024	T cells are diverse. It can differentiate into:{{c1::Memory T cells::T lymphocyte}} – remembers {{c2::antigen}} for future encounters
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Primary (Generative, Central)}} lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes first express antigen receptors and attain phenotypic and functional matur…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Secondary (or peripheral)}} lymphoid organs are where lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens are initiated and developedThese lymphoid organs …
Published	07/30/2024	Primary Lymphoid OrgansThe {{c1::bone marrow}} is the site of B lymphocyte maturationThe {{c2::thymus}} is the site of T lymphocyte maturati…
Published	07/30/2024	Primary Lymphoid OrgansThe {{c1::bone marrow}} is the site of generation of circulating blood cells, including RBCs, granulocytes, and monocytes,…
Published	07/30/2024	Primary Lymphoid OrgansProliferation and maturation of precursor cells in the {{c3::bone marrow::lymphoid organ}} are stimulated by {{c1::cytokin…
Published	07/30/2024	Primary Lymphoid OrgansSome long-lived memory T lymphocytes migrate to and may reside in the bone marrow {{c1::True::TRUE/FALSE}}
Published	07/30/2024	Primary lymphoid organsThe {{c2::bone marrow::lymphoid organ}} contains numerous long-lived {{c1::antibody-secreting plasma}} cells
Published	07/30/2024	Primary lymphoid organ: ThymusThe {{c1::cortex}} contains a dense collection of T lymphocytes, and the lighter-staining {{c2::medulla}} is sparse…
Published	07/30/2024	Primary lymphoid organ: Thymus{{c1::Thymic cortical epithelial}} cells produce {{c2::IL-7}}, which is required early in T cell development; it is…
Published	07/30/2024	Primary lymphoid organ: Thymus{{c1::(MTECs) Medullary thymic epithelial}} cells present {{c2::self-antigens}} to developing T cells, ensuring tha…
Published	07/30/2024	Primary Lymphoid Organ: ThymusFound in the {{c1::medulla::part of thymus}}, {{c2::Hassall corpuscles}} are packed whorls of epithelial cells…
Published	07/30/2024	Primary Lymphoid Organs: ThymusThe lymphocytes in the thymus are called {{c1::Thymocytes}} – T cells at various stages of maturation
Published	07/30/2024	The most immature T cells enter the thymus, and their maturation begins in the medulla. {{c1::False::TRUE/FALSE}}
Published	07/30/2024	As thymocytes mature in the thymus, they migrate toward the medulla. {{c1::True::TRUE/FALSE}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::peripheral::central/peripheral}} lymphoid organs and tissues are organized in a way that promotes development of adaptive immune response.
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and Tissues{{c1::Lymph Nodes}} are encapsulated, highly vascularized secondary lymphoid organs responsible for …
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and TissuesThe usual anatomy of the lymph nodes has the {{c1::B}} cell zones located in outer regions…
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and TissuesThe {{c1::spleen}} is a highly vascularized organ that functions to (a) remove aging and damage…
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and Tissues: SpleenThe spleen is located in the {{c1::left upper}} quadrant of the abdominal region. Blood…
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and Tissues: Spleen{{c1::Red}} pulp macrophages are important filter for the blood, removin…
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and Tissues: SpleenIn the spleen, B cells are located in {{c1::follicles}}; while T cells are located in {…
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and TissuesThe cutaneous and mucosal immune system has its own system of lymph nodes, non-encapsulated lymphoid…
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and TissuesThe respiratory tract is the largest immune organ. {{c1::False::TRUE/FALSE}}
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and TissuesThe {{c1::cutaneous and mucosal}} immune system has the initial responders and encompasses all …
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and Tissues{{c1::MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)}} are the immune systems associated with the gastroin…
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and TissuesThe cutaneous and mucosal immune system are densely populated with {{c1::commensal}} microbes, …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Self-tolerance}} is the immune system’s ability to be non-reactive against an individual’s own antigens and tissues.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::The Stem cell}} is the common progenitor of the immune cells.
Published	07/30/2024	Cell types of the innate immune system (except 1) usually originate from {{c1::the Myeloid Progenitor I}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Cell types of the adaptive immune system (except 1) usually originate from {{c1::the Lymphoid progenitor}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Natural Killer cells originate from the Lymphoid Progenitor yet they function in the innate immune system because of {{c1::their lack of T cell antige…
Published	07/30/2024	List the innate immune system cell types {{c1::Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Mast Cells Monocytes (Dendritic cells, Macrophages) Natural killer ce…
Published	07/30/2024	List the cells that originate from the Myeloid Progenitor I {{c1::Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Mast Cells Monocytes (Dendritic cells, Macrophages…
Published	07/30/2024	List the cells that originate from the Lymphoid progenitor {{c1::B Lymphocytes (Plasma, Memory) T Lymphocytes (Helper, Cytotoxic, Regulatory) Natural …
Published	07/30/2024	List the types of phagocytes {{c1::Neutrophils Mononuclear phagocytes - Monocytes (circulating) - Macrophages (tissue resident)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} have the most abundant population of circulating WBCs.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} are the principal cell type in acute inflammatory reactions.
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophils are {{c1::spherical}} in shape.
Published	07/30/2024	The nucleus of a {{c2::neutrophil}} is segmented into {{c1::3-5 connected lobules}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The cytoplasm of a neutrophil contains {{c1::granules of CEL (Collagenase, Elastase, Lysosome)}} which are capable of killing microorganisms.
Published	07/30/2024	A mononuclear phagocyte that is circulating is called a {{c1::monocyte}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A mononuclear phagocyte that is tissue resident is called a {{c1::macrophage}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Monocyte nuclei are {{c1::bean-like}} in shape.
Published	07/30/2024	In terms of longevity, {{c1::mononuclear phagocytes::mononuclear phagocytes/neutrophils}} last longer.
Published	07/30/2024	The cytoplasm of {{c1::mononuclear phagocytes::mononuclear phagocyte/neutrophils}} are finely granular.
Published	07/30/2024	Mast cells are derived from {{c1::the bone marrow::organ}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Helminthic (worms) infections are taken care of by {{c1::mast cells}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Mast cells can be found in {{c1::the skin and mucosal epithelia (e.g. airways)}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Inflammatory mediators from mast cells like {{c1::histamine and acidic proteoglycans}} kill parasites.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::True::T/F}} Mast cells are capable of binding to themselves.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Mast cells}} are more implicated in allergic diseases, particularly because of {{c1::histamine granules}} that get released in the presence of {…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Basophils}} constitute less than 1% of blood leukocytes
Published	07/30/2024	Eosinophils can be found in {{c1::1. mucosal linings of the respiratory tract (e.g. asthma), 2. gastrointestinal tracts (e.g. food allergies), and 3. …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::False::T/F}} Eosinophils and mast cells cannot bind to IgE.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eosinophils}} are also called the allergy cells.
Published	07/30/2024	Increased levels of eosinophils can be due to {{c1::(1) an overwhelming parasitic infection or (2) an allergic inflammation::2}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Dendritic cells present antigen proteins to {{c1::T cells}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Dendritic cells can be found in {{c1::(1) circulation or in (2) tissues, especially in the skin and GI tract::2}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dendritic cells}} are the sentinels of the body.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Plasmacytoid Dendritic cells}} produce {{c2::the antiviral cytokine type I interferon (IFN)}} in response to viruses.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Plasmacytoid Dendritic cells}} may capture and process {{c2::blood-borne microbe antigens}} for presentation to {{c3::T cells in the spleen}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Dendritic cells originate from {{c1::monocytic cells}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Natural Killer cells are similar to T cells in that {{c1::they both deal with intracellular pathogens}}.
Published	07/30/2024	CD4+ cells are also called {{c1::Helper T Lymphocytes}}.
Published	07/30/2024	CD8+ are also called {{c1::Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or killer T cells}}.
Published	07/30/2024	List down the T lymphocyte types {{c1::Helper T cell (CD4) Cytotoxic T cell (CD8) Regulatory T cell}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::B cells}} can transform into {{c1::plasma cells}} which can produce antibodies
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type I Interferon Beta::Interferon}} is responsible for signaling the presence of intracellular infections, particularly viral ones
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type I Interferon Alpha::Interferon}} is responsible for natural antivirals within our body
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