Notes in CBB22 Cell Cycle control

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Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::1.Interphase: }}phase where cell replicates its chromosomes (DNA synthesis), organelles and prepares for cell division (mitosis).
Published	09/14/2024	Interphase divided in 3 phases:{{c1::•    G1, S and G2}}
Published	09/14/2024	Mitosis: •Divided into five phases: {{c1::•prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::3.Cytokinesis: }} is the phase where actual cell division (cell physically separates to two daughter cells)
Published	09/14/2024	G1 phase is characterized by: {{c1::synthesis of replication proteins, cyclin Dthymidine dimer repairCDK4 & 6 (promote progression)}}
Published	09/14/2024	cells can exit G1 and enter G0 {{c1::when environment is poor}}
Published	09/14/2024	•Chemotherapeutic agent that target G0 •{{c1::Cisplatin}}
Published	09/14/2024	DNA replication •cell is {{c1::2N}} before S •cell is {{c1::4N}} after S
Published	09/14/2024	therapeutic agent that targets S stage: {{c1::methotrexate,}}
Published	09/14/2024	oG2 phase also contains checkpoint which {{c1::assess nuclear integrity::does what}} before the cell division progresses any further to mitosis
Published	09/14/2024	A gap between the S phase and mitosis Purpose: {{c1::cellular growth to prepare for cell division (mitosis)}}
Published	09/14/2024	theraputic agent that targets G2 phase {{c1::Bleomycin}}
Published	09/14/2024	P53 •Tumor suppressor protein that plays a major role in {{c1::the regulation of G1}}, thus it prevents the cell from entering S phase
Published	09/14/2024	•In response to nuclear damage, {{c1::P53 }} is induced to express in the cell
Published	09/14/2024	•a transcription factor itself, p53 stimulates the production of{{c1::protein p21}} which stops cell cycle progression to allow for DNA repair •if the…
Published	09/14/2024	HPV viral protein E6 binds to {{c1::p53}} and promotes its premature degredation
Published	09/14/2024	•Viral protein E7 binds{{c1:: to RB protein and prevents RB binding to E2F }}
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Published	09/14/2024	G2 phase also contains checkpoint assess {{c1::nuclear integrity}} before the cell division progresses any further to {{c2::mitosi…
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Published	09/14/2024	Many chemotherapeutic agents target Mitotic phase by fucking with {{c1::microtubules::cell structure}}
Published	09/14/2024	Many chemotherapeutic agents target Mitotic phase. All of these drugs affect {{c1::microtubules::cell structure}}
Published	09/14/2024	Permanent human cells •These cells enter {{c1::G0 }}and cannot leave.   •are considered to be {{c2::terminally differentiated and …
Published	09/14/2024	Stable (quiescent) human cells •The cells enter G0 and can leave to enter cell cycle when {{c1::given appropriate stimulus}}. •e.g. hepatocytes, …
Published	09/14/2024	Labile human cells •The cells {{c1::never}} go to G0, and are {{c1::in constant division with a condensed G1}}      e.g. bone marr…
Published	09/14/2024	Liver can regrow after an injury or disease •because {{c1::hepatocytes can re-enter the active cell cycle}} •This property of liver has been successf…
Published	09/14/2024	G1 checkpoint •is the most important checkpoint •When cell passes the restriction point it will {{c1::automatically progress through the rest of …
Published	09/14/2024	•Cyclin D  (D1, D2, D3) are  {{c1::regulators of G1 phase}} •control the progression through the {{c1::restriction point (G1 restriction poi…
Published	09/14/2024	Cyclins  E is a regulator {{c1::of G1/S transition}}
Published	09/14/2024	•Cyclins A is a regulator of {{c1::S phase}}
Published	09/14/2024	Cyclins B is a regulator of {{c1::G2/M phase}}
Published	09/14/2024	Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) concentration inside the cell is constant however the activity of CDKs at each point of the cell cycle {{c1::vari…
Published	09/14/2024	Cyclins bind to the {{c1::CDKs}} causing their activation, thus driving the cell cycle foward
Published	09/14/2024	Cyclins-CDK complex phosphorylates substrate proteins at {{c1::serine and threonine::AA residues}}
Published	09/14/2024	•CDK1 are critical for initiation of {{c1::mitosis}}
Published	09/14/2024	•CDK2 are involved in the {{c1::S phase transition}}
Published	09/14/2024	•CDk4 and CDK6 activities promote {{c1::G1 progression}}
Published	09/14/2024	Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors (CDKIs) are proteins that {{c1::bind and inhibit the activity of  cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs}}).…
Published	09/14/2024	•Two major families of CDKI: {{c1::•INK family (p16, p18) •Cip/Kip  family    (p21, p27)}}
Published	09/14/2024	Checkpoints are placed at the critical points of the cell cycle • used for {{c1::monitoring}} of cell cycle progress •Can be used {{c2::to delay}} t…
Published	09/14/2024	•Cells require presence of {{c1::growth factors}} in order to reach the checkpoints
Published	09/14/2024	•After passing the checkpoints the rest of cell division is {{c1::automatic }}
Published	09/14/2024	•Tumors suppressor proteins activities {{c1::inhibit the progression of cell cycle}} if a problem such as DNA mutation is detected
Published	09/14/2024	•Tumor suppressor proteins are also active in cells that remain in the {{c1::G1 phase}}
Published	09/14/2024	•Mutation leading to loss of function of tumor suppressor proteins may allow {{c1::DNA-damaged cells to replicate.}} •Result:  Cancer developmen…
Published	09/14/2024	Rb binds to {{c1::E2F}}, preventing entry to S phase. When unbound, {{c1::E2F}} acts as a transcription factor.
Published	09/14/2024	At G1/S Checkpoint, cell checks to make sure of the {{c1::existence of all conditions (nutrients and enzymes) required for DNA synthesis.&nb…
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Published	09/14/2024	{{c2::Hereditary Retinoblastoma}} the most common type of eye cancer in children. Caused by the mutation of{{c1::Rb gene::gene}}
Published	09/14/2024	The binding of cyclins to CDKs forms a cyclin-CDK complex that is responsible for the {{c1::progression}} of the cell cycle. Different cyclins are pre…
Published	09/14/2024	CDK1 promotes entry into mitosis. During G1, S, and early G2 phases, CDK1 is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues which inhibits its activity. The remo…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Proto-oncogene}} is a normal gene that promotes cell growth and division. these are essential for normal cellular functions.If mu…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Oncogene}}is a mutated proto-oncogene that contributes to the development of cancer by promoting uncontrolled cell growth.
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Tumor Suppressor Gene}} is a gene that promotes apoptosis. These act as brakes on cell proliferation.If these get fucked up, we g…
Published	09/14/2024	Which key proteins are involved in the apoptotic pathway? (6)
Published	09/14/2024	How is gel electrophoresis used to measure apoptosis?
Published	09/14/2024	How is antibody-labeled flow cytometry used to measure apoptosis?
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