Notes in Osmosis

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Published	10/11/2024	What are the two main branches of the immune system?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the main function of the immune system?
Published	10/11/2024	How does the innate immune response differ from the adaptive immune response in terms of specificity?
Published	10/11/2024	What type of immune response has no memory and responds the same way to a pathogen each time?
Published	10/11/2024	What are granulocytes and which cells are classified as granulocytes?
Published	10/11/2024	What process do neutrophils use to ingest pathogens?
Published	10/11/2024	What advantage does the adaptive immune response have over the innate immune response?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the two types of T cells and their main functions?
Published	10/11/2024	How do dendritic cells connect the innate and adaptive immune systems?
Published	10/11/2024	What cells are involved in antigen presentation?
Published	10/11/2024	What is clonal expansion in the adaptive immune response?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the main role of antibodies in the immune system?
Published	10/11/2024	What happens during an oxidative burst in neutrophils?
Published	10/11/2024	How do natural killer cells eliminate target cells?
Published	10/11/2024	What cells are involved in allergic reactions and what do they release?
Published	10/11/2024	Where are these cells from ? Kupffer cells:   Osteoclasts:   Langerhans cells:   Histiocytes:   Microglial cells:
Published	10/11/2024	What are the four classical signs of inflammation?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the fifth possible sign of inflammation that can occur due to pain or swelling?
Published	10/11/2024	What are some common causes of inflammation besides pathogens?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the ultimate goal of inflammation?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the two types of external factors that can trigger inflammation?
Published	10/11/2024	What are PAMPs and what do they include?
Published	10/11/2024	What are DAMPs and when are they released?
Published	10/11/2024	What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and what do they do?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the two main types of leukocytes involved in inflammation?
Published	10/11/2024	What cells are usually the first responders in inflammation?
Published	10/11/2024	What is extravasation in the context of inflammation?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the role of the complement system in inflammation?
Published	10/11/2024	How does the inflammatory response end?
Published	10/11/2024	What happens if there is severe damage during inflammation?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the classical signs of inflammation and what can they lead to?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the two main branches of the immune system?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the key features of the innate immune response?
Published	10/11/2024	What are examples of barriers in the innate immune system?
Published	10/11/2024	What do macrophages do in the innate immune response?
Published	10/11/2024	What are PAMPs and what do they include?
Published	10/11/2024	What are PRRs and what is their function?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the two main groups of PRRs?
Published	10/11/2024	How do phagocytic PRRs function?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the function of signaling PRRs?
Published	10/11/2024	What happens during an oxidative burst in phagocytes?
Published	10/11/2024	What enzyme is crucial for initiating the oxidative burst?
Published	10/11/2024	What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and what do they bind to?
Published	10/11/2024	What cytokines are produced after TLR activation and what do they do?
Published	10/11/2024	How does the innate immune system respond to intracellular pathogens like viruses?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the main function of the innate immune system?
Published	10/11/2024	What are cytokines and what is their main function?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the three main types of cytokine signaling?
Published	10/11/2024	Give an example of autocrine signaling in cytokines.
Published	10/11/2024	What is an example of paracrine signaling in cytokines?
Published	10/11/2024	What is an example of endocrine signaling in cytokines?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the five main classes of cytokines?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the role of TNF-alpha in the immune response?
Published	10/11/2024	What do Type I interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) do?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the main role of Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the function of Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs)?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the role of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the immune response?
Published	10/11/2024	Which cytokines are involved in the response to parasitic infections and allergies?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the function of IL-10 and TGF-beta in the regulatory immune response?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the main function of chemokines like IL-8?
Published	10/11/2024	How do cytokines contribute to the adaptive immune response?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the role of cytokines like GM-CSF in growth and differentiation?
Published	10/11/2024	CD8 T cells only kill the body's own cells that present antigens on {{c1::MHC type I}} molecule on the cells surface.
Published	10/11/2024	The {{c1::myeloid progenitor}} cells develop into cells of the innate immune system like neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic ce…
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Dendritic}} cells destroy pathogens and break up its proteins into short amino acid chains to present to T-helper cells.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} of the innate immune system destroy pathogens using cytoplasmic granules or oxidative burst.
Published	10/11/2024	Immunologic memory is a feature of the {{c1::adaptive::adaptive/innate}} immune system.
Published	10/11/2024	Antibodies are produced by {{c1::B::B/T}} lymphocytes.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Natural killer}} cells are large lymphocytes that target cells infected with viruses and cancer cells.
Published	10/11/2024	The innate immune system responds {{c1::faster::faster/slower}} than the adaptive immune system.
Published	10/11/2024	The {{c1::innate}} immune system is non-specific meaning it doesn't differentiate between pathogens
Published	10/11/2024	Monocytes migrate into tissues and differentiate into {{c1::macrophages}} which remain in tissues and aren’t found in the blood.
Published	10/11/2024	Clonal deletion is when most of the clonally expanded cells of the {{c1::adaptive}} immune system die off after the infection is over.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} are the first leukocytes recruited during the acute inflammatory process.
Published	10/11/2024	The two main microbial factors that trigger inflammation are {{c1::virulence factors and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)}}.
Published	10/11/2024	The 2 types of immune cells that typically initiate inflammation are {{c1::macrophage and mast cells}}.
Published	10/11/2024	The endogenous equivalent to PAMPs is {{c1::damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)}}.
Published	10/11/2024	Inflammatory response ends with {{c1::tissue repair}}.
Published	10/11/2024	In the classic pathway, complement proteins are activated in the presence of {{c1::antibodies bound to pathogens}}.
Published	10/11/2024	Innate immune system (8:59) Toll-like receptors that interact with {{c1::intracellular::intracellular/extracellular}} ligands reside in endosomes or l…
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Toll-like}} receptors are a family of pattern recognition receptors that have dimers of chains with extracellular leucine-rich domains that bind…
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Interleukins}} are cytokines numbered in the order they were identified.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::IL-2}} is a cytokine secreted by CD4+ T helper cells that promotes the proliferation of all lymphocytes.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::TNFs}} are cytokines in charge of activating endothelial cells, increasing vascular permeability, and helping to induce fever.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Interferons}} are cytokines that promote an anti-viral state in nearby cells and help activate macrophages and CD4+ helper T cells.
Published	10/11/2024	IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha are cytokines that travel to the liver and promote the production of {{c1::acute-phase}} proteins like C-reactive protei…
Published	10/11/2024	Cytokines promote (3 processes) {{c1::activation, proliferation, and differentiation}} of immune cells.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::TGF-beta}} is an inhibitory cytokine that helps CD4+ T cells develop into a regulatory cell that can slow down or stop the overall immune respon…
Published	10/11/2024	What is endocytosis?
Published	10/11/2024	What is exocytosis?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the three types of endocytosis?
Published	10/11/2024	What is phagocytosis used for?
Published	10/11/2024	What is pinocytosis?
Published	10/11/2024	What happens in receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in exocytosis?
Published	10/11/2024	What powers both endocytosis and exocytosis?
Published	10/11/2024	What is receptor recycling?
Published	10/11/2024	How do motor proteins assist in exocytosis?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the complement system?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the three complement pathways?
Published	10/11/2024	What activates the classical complement pathway?
Published	10/11/2024	What activates the lectin binding pathway?
Published	10/11/2024	What activates the alternative pathway?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the final outcome of all three complement pathways?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the function of C3b?
Published	10/11/2024	What do C3a and C5a do?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the membrane attack complex (MAC)?
Published	10/11/2024	What can a deficiency in C5-C8 cause?
Published	10/11/2024	What are opsonins?
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Phagocytosis}} is the specific form of endocytosis that involves the intake of large particles or other cells into the cell.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Phagocytosis}} is the mechanism by which macrophages engulf pathogens and cellular debris.
Published	10/11/2024	Endocytosis and exocytosis (are/are not) {{c1::are}} energy-requiring processes.
Published	10/11/2024	The transport of neurotransmitters out of nerve cells is an example of {{c1::exocytosis}}, where materials from inside the cell are transported outsid…
Published	10/11/2024	The process of {{c1::endocytosis}} is the mechanism that allows cells to bring large amounts of material from outside to inside the cell.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Pinocytosis}} is the specific form of endocytosis that involves the intake of small amounts of fluid from outside the cell into the cell.
Published	10/11/2024	The release of antibodies from white blood cells is an example of {{c1::exocytosis}}, where materials from inside the cell are transported outside the…
Published	10/11/2024	The process of {{c1::exocytosis}} is the mechanism that allows cells to bring large amounts of material from inside to outside the cell.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Receptor-mediated}} endocytosis involves proteins such as clathrin to bring target molecules into the cell.
Published	10/11/2024	Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are specific forms of {{c1::endocytosis}}.
Published	10/11/2024	C3b and C4b are complement proteins that serve as {{c1::opsonins}} and enhance phagocytosis.
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Factor I}} is a serine protease that cleaves C3b into inactive fragments.
Published	10/11/2024	The classical pathway of complement activation is considered part of the (adaptive/innate) {{c1::adaptive}} immune response because it is initiated by…
Published	10/11/2024	Decay accelerating factors (increase/decrease) {{c1::increase}} the breakdown of C3 convertases so that amplification does not occur.
Published	10/11/2024	C5b, C6, C7, C8, and multiple copies of C9 are complement proteins that make up the {{c1::membrane attack complex}}, which lyses pathogens.
Published	10/11/2024	Anaphylatoxin activity in the complement cascade is regulated by {{c1::carboxypeptidases}}, which cleave C3a and C5a.
Published	10/11/2024	C3 and C5 {{c1::convertases}} are the enzyme components that cleave the complement components C3 and C5 respectively.
Published	10/11/2024	The complement component C1q functions as an {{c1::opsonin}} by binding to lipopolysaccharides on bacteria cell walls.
Published	10/11/2024	C3a and C5a are complement proteins known as {{c1::anaphylatoxins}} because they induce an increase in capillary diameter and attract other cells to s…
Published	10/11/2024	The membrane attack complex compromises the integrity of microbial plasma membranes leading to (reversible/irreversible) {{c1::irreversible}} cell inj…
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::CD59 (also called membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL) or protectin}} is the membrane-bound protein that inhibits the formation of the me…
Published	10/11/2024	{{c1::Complement}} refers to a collection of serum proteins that connects the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Published	10/11/2024	C1q, mannose binding lectin, and ficolins are all examples of {{c1::complement}} components that initiate their respective cascades.
Published	10/11/2024	The alternative pathway of complement activation is considered to be part of the (innate/adaptive) {{c1::innate}} immune system because it is independ…
Published	10/11/2024	The first point at which the three initiation pathways of complement activation converge is at the generation of a (C3/C5) {{c1::C3}} convertase.
Published	10/11/2024	C1{{c1::q}} is the complement protein that initiates the classical pathway of complement activation.
Published	10/11/2024	In general, complement components are relatively (stable/unstable) {{c1::unstable}}.
Published	10/11/2024	In the lectin pathway of complement activation, {{c1::lectin}} proteins bind to conserved carbohydrate motifs on pathogens.
Published	10/11/2024	What is lymph?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the three major roles of the lymphatic system?
Published	10/11/2024	How much fluid does the lymphatic system return to the blood each day?
Published	10/11/2024	What allows lymphatic capillaries to take in fluid?
Published	10/11/2024	How is lymph moved through the lymphatic system?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the two main lymphatic ducts?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the function of lymph nodes?
Published	10/11/2024	What do B cells in lymph nodes do when activated?
Published	10/11/2024	What are the two main functions of the spleen?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the role of the thymus?
Published	10/11/2024	What is the function of the tonsils?
Published	10/11/2024	Lymph from the right arm, chest, and side of the head is drained into the {{c1::right lymphatic duct::lymphatic vessel}}.
Published	10/11/2024	Most of the lymph is drained into the {{c1::thoracic duct}} which returns the lymph into circulation via the junction between the left jugular and sub…
Published	10/11/2024	lymphatic vessels {{c1::have::have/don't have}} valves.
Published	10/11/2024	Old red blood cells are filtered out in the {{c1::red::(white/red)}} pulp of the spleen.
Published	10/11/2024	Lymph fluid helps large molecules like {{c1::hormones}} and {{c2::lipids}} enter the blood.
Published	10/11/2024	Lymph nodes in the intestinal walls are called {{c1::Peyer's patches}}.
Published	10/11/2024	Antibodies are generated in the {{c1::white::white/red}} pulp of the spleen.
Published	10/11/2024	Much of the interstitial fluid that does not get reabsorbed into the capillaries returns to the circulation as {{c1::lymph fluid}}.
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