Notes in Histopathology 2

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Published	08/28/2024	The WBC in this blood smear is a:
Published	08/28/2024	45-75% of our WBC are {{c1::neutrophils}} (which WBC type)?
Published	08/28/2024	6-8% of our WBC are {{c1::eosinophils}} (which WBC type)?
Published	08/28/2024	1-2% of our WBC are {{c1::basophils}} (which WBC type)?
Published	08/28/2024	What are the three main components of our blood?
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Hematocrit}} is the volume of packed RBCs per unit volume of blood (%).Low {{c1::hematocrit}} = anemia.
Published	08/28/2024	Normal hematocrit in females is {{c1::35-45%}}. Normal hematocrit in males is {{c1::39-50%}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Plasma}} is the portion of our blood that is composed of a protein-rich fluid.
Published	08/28/2024	8 main components of blood plasma
Published	08/28/2024	Albumin is a component of our plasma that is necessary for maintaining a good {{c1::oncotic pressure}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Serum}} is the component of our blood that lacks coagulation factors.
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Published	08/28/2024	A blood smear includes staining with {{c1::Wright's stain}}, which is a mixture of eosin and methylene blue dyes.
Published	08/28/2024	What is the function of erythrocytes?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the function of neutrophils?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the function of eosinophils?
Published	08/28/2024	Which two granulocytes have phagocytic capabilities?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the function of basophils?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the function of monocytes?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the purpose of B-lymphocytes?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the function of T-lymphocytes?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the function of platelets?
Published	08/28/2024	RBCs are metabolically {{c1::active}}. They are derived from {{c2::reticulocytes}}, and sometimes have residual rRNAs.
Published	08/28/2024	Normal RBCs have a diameter of {{c1::6-8 microns}}
Published	08/28/2024	What might you suspect if there are more than 1-2% reticulocytes in a blood smear?
Published	08/28/2024	What are two characteristics used to describe eosinophils?
Published	08/28/2024	What are immature neutrophils called?
Published	08/28/2024	If a blood smear shows increased bands, what might this indicate?
Published	08/28/2024	What white cell type is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	Which white cell type is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	Which white cell type is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	What happens to the nuclei of neutrophils in case of anemia?
Published	08/28/2024	A neutrophil is usually {{c1::12-17}} microns in diameter. Morphologicla characteristics include a {{c1::multi-lobed}} nucleus and {{c1::neutroph…
Published	08/28/2024	Eosinophils are about {{c1::12}} microns in diameter (similar to a neutrophil). They have a {{c1::bi-lobed}} nucleus and {{c1::eosinophilic}} gra…
Published	08/28/2024	Basophils are about {{c1::12}} microns in diameter (similar to neutrophil & eosinophil)Characterized by {{c1::large, intensely basophilic, cytopla…
Published	08/28/2024	Basophilic granules contain {{c1::heparin}} and {{c1::histamine}}, along with other chemicals.
Published	08/28/2024	The white cell in this blood smear is a:
Published	08/28/2024	What white cell type is shown below?
Published	08/28/2024	Which white cell type is shown below?
Published	08/28/2024	Lymphocytes are the smallest of the WBCs (7-8 microns diameter). Characterized by {{c1::round, heterochromatic}} nucleus surrounded by a {{c1::th…
Published	08/28/2024	What are the three functional types of lymphocytes?
Published	08/28/2024	Monocytes are the largest of the WBC (15-20 microns). Commonly have a {{c1::large, kidney-shaped (horseshoe)}} nucleus and {{c1::slate-grey color…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Monocytes}} are the precursors of cells that belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system.
Published	08/28/2024	Which cell type is indicated by B?
Published	08/28/2024	Name three examples of mononuclear phagocyte system cells.
Published	08/28/2024	Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) cells: are {{c1::monocyte}}-derived (except microglia (CNS) & fibroblast-derived macrophage (intestine, ut…
Published	08/28/2024	Plasma cells are {{c2::antibody}}-producing cells that differentiate from {{c1::Ag-stimulated B-lymphocytes}}. Characteristic: {{c1::basophilic}}…
Published	08/28/2024	Mast cells develop in {{c1::bone marrow}} but mature in connective tissue. Characteristic: numerous {{c1::basophilic cytoplasmic granules}}.&nbsp…
Published	08/28/2024	Factors released from {{c1::mast}} cells cause symptoms of allergic reations (heparin).
Published	08/28/2024	How are mast cells different from basophils?
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::Wright-Giemsa}} stain is used for staining blood films or bone marrow films.
Published	08/28/2024	The two components of a Wright-Giemsa stain are: - {{c1::Eosin Y}}, which differentially stains cytoplasm. - {{c1::Azure B}} and {{c1::methy…
Published	08/28/2024	Normo/hypo/hyperchromicity of RBC is determined by content of {{c1::hemoglobin}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Hypochromic RBCs have decreased Hgb content and an expanded zone of central pallor. On lab findings, there are decreases in {{c1::MCH (mean corpu…
Published	08/28/2024	Hyperchromic RBCs have increased Hgb content and less central pallor. Lab findings notable for increased {{c1::MCH (mean corpuscular Hgb)}}Diseas…
Published	08/28/2024	Microcytic RBCs have a decreased isze in RBC (diameter {{c1::<7}} microns). Labs notable for {{c2::low MCV (less than 80 fl, normal 82-96)}}Di…
Published	08/28/2024	Macrocytic RBCs have an increased diameter. Labs notable for {{c1::increased MCV (>100 fl, normal 82-96)}}Can be caused by deficiency of {{c1:…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Anisocytosis}} is the term for having unequal RBC sizes. Labs notable for {{c1::increased}} RDW {{c1::(red cell distribution width).}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Polychromasia}} is due to residual RNA in immature RBC. Implies {{c2::reticulocytosis}}. Disease: - {{c2::hemolysis}}- {{c2::acut…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Poikilocytosis}} is alterations in RBC shape. Lab findins notable for {{c1::high RDW (red cell distribution width). }}
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Published	08/28/2024	Elliptocytes/Ovalocytes are oval-shaped RBCs. Disease: - {{c1::hereditary elliptocytosis }}- {{c1::iron-deficiency anemia. }}
Published	08/28/2024	What is this RBC shape?
Published	08/28/2024	What is this RBC shape?
Published	08/28/2024	Spherocytes are spherical, small RBCs. No central pallor. Denser staining due to shrinkage of cell. Condition: - {{c1::hereditary spher…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Target}} cells are RBCs with staining in the center and peripheral rim. Conditions: - {{c1::thalassemia}}- {{c1::chronic liver disease…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Schistocytes}} are damaged, fragmented RBCs. Smaller than normal with varying shapes. Conditions: - {{c1::thalassemia}}- {{c1::di…
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC shape is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC shape is indicated below with the arrow?
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Acanthocytes}} are RBCs with spiny projections.Conditions: - {{c1::abetalipoproteinemia}}- {{c1::advanced liver disease}}- {{c1::post-splen…
Published	08/28/2024	Stomatocytes are RBCs with slit-shaped central pallor. Conditions: - {{c1::hereditary stomatocytosis (rare) }}- {{c1::acute alcoholism}…
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC shape is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC shape is shown below?
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Sickle}} cells are sickle/crescent shaped RBCs with sharp, pointed edges. Condition: {{c1::sickle cell anemia (HbS). }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Tear drop}} cells are RBCs that are tapered on one end and blunt on the other. Conditions: - {{c1::myelofibrosis}}- {{c1::bone marrow …
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC shape is shown below?
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC change is shown below?
Published	08/28/2024	Basophilic stippling in RBCs is due to presence of {{c1::irregular basophilic granules in RBC}}. These stain deep blue. Fine stippling can be due…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Howell Jolly bodies}} are single smooth, large round inclusions in RBCs. These are remnants of {{c2::nuclear chromatin}}. Conditions:&…
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC change is shown below?
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Pappenheimer bodies}} are small, peripherally located basophilic inclusions into RBCs, which consist of aggregates of {{c1::ferritin}}. Con…
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC change is indicated by the arrows below?
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Heinz bodies}} are multiple inclusions attached to the inner surface of a RBC. Represents precipitated {{c2::normal}} or {{c2::unstable}} H…
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC change is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC change is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Cabot rings}} are RBC changes characterized by a ring, loop, or figure-eight. Conditions (rare): - {{c2::pernicious anemia}}- {{c2::le…
Published	08/28/2024	A {{c1::Rouleaux formation}} is alignment of RBCs, one on top of the other, so that they resemble a stack of coins (4+). Conditions: - parap…
Published	08/28/2024	Which RBC change is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	Left shift is indicative of an increase in {{c1::immature neutrophils. }}This is suggestive of {{c1::acute infection, usually bacterial. }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Hyposegmented}} PMNs are often due to {{c1::Pelger-Huet anomaly. }}Characterized by {{c2::2 lobes in 80% of neutrophils. }}
Published	08/28/2024	Which PMN abnormality is shown below?
Published	08/28/2024	What PMN abnormality is shown below?
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Hypersegmented}} PMNs are often seen in {{c1::megaloblastic anemia.}} Characterized by {{c2::neutrophils with 6+ lobes. }}These cells …
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Vacuolated}} PMNs are due to an increase in {{c2::lysosomes}} in PMN. Due to {{c2::active phagocytosis. }}Condition: {{c2::septic…
Published	08/28/2024	Which PMN abnormality is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	Which PMN abnormality is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Toxic granulation}} PMNs occur in cases of {{c1::septicemia and burns}}. Neutrophil granules appear {{c2::purple/blue}}, which is indicativ…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Dohle bodies}} PMNs represents {{c2::remnants of the RER. }}Conditions: - {{c2::septicemia}}- {{c2::burns}}- {{c2::trauma}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which PMN abnormality is indicated below?
Published	08/28/2024	3 characteristics of reactive lymphocytes
Published	08/28/2024	What condition is often indicated by reactive lymphocytes?
Published	08/28/2024	3 causes of thrombocytopenia
Published	08/28/2024	Thrombocytopenia d/t decreased production can be found in: - {{c1::aplastic anemia (bone marrow doesn't produce megakaryocytes)}}- {{c1::acute le…
Published	08/28/2024	Thrombocytopenia d/t increased destruction can be found in: - {{c1::immune thrombocytopenia}}- {{c1::idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (a…
Published	08/28/2024	5 causes of thrombocytosis
Published	08/28/2024	Giant platelets (platelets same size as RBC), can be d/t:- {{c1::Bernard Soulier syndrome}}- {{c1::Alport syndrome}}- {{c1::May-Hegglin anomaly}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which platelet abnormality is shown below?
Published	08/28/2024	Platelet count can be falsely decreased by {{c1::platelet clumping.}}
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