Notes in Basic Principles of Pathology

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Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Dr. Rudolf Virchow}} is the Father of Modern Pathology
Published	09/03/2024	1. {{c1::etiology}} is the cause of a disease2. {{c2::pathogenesis}} is the biochemical & molecular mechanisms3. {{c3::morphological cha…
Published	09/03/2024	what is pathology?
Published	09/03/2024	Time from biopsy/resection and completed report is typically {{c1::2-4 business days}} for inpatients and {{c2::1-2 weeks}} for outpatients
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Electron microscopy}} is used to see ultrastructural details
Published	09/03/2024	Steps in Pathology Routine Processing1. Pathology receives sample and {{c1::evaluates microscopic appearance}}2. {{c2::Sample representative…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::frozen section}} is same as routine histology, except the tissue is frozen before cut on a {{c1::cryostat}}, giving a diagnosis in about&nb…
Published	09/03/2024	frozen sections must be used {{c1::judiciously}} because freezing the tissue can {{c1::compromise the integrity of the specimen}} for final …
Published	09/03/2024	Why is a frozen section necessary?
Published	09/03/2024	Histology is the study of tissue and organs using {{c1::Microscopy}}
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::structures}} of tissues are closely related to their {{c1::functions}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Light Microscopy (LM)}} is the most common microscopy
Published	09/03/2024	Lightmicroscopy is subdivided by technique, into:1. {{c1::Bright Field Microscopy}}2. {{c1::Immunofluorescence Microscopy}}3. {{c1::Dar…
Published	09/03/2024	Aside from LM (Light Microscopy), other kinds of microscopy include {{c1::scanning probe}}, {{c1::virtual}}, {{c1::ultraviolet}}, and {…
Published	09/03/2024	Bright field microscopy is the {{c1::simplest}} type of light microscopy
Published	09/03/2024	general steps of Tissue Preparation1. {{c1::fix/preserve tissue }}2. {{c2::process tissue}}3. {{c3::embed tissue in paraffin wax}}4.&nb…
Published	09/03/2024	The first step of tissue preparation involves {{c1::fixing/preserving the tissue}} with {{c1::formalin}}
Published	09/03/2024	The second step of tissue preparation involves {{c1::tissue processing}} in which we remove {{c1::water}} from the tissue, using {{c1::ethan…
Published	09/03/2024	the third step of tissue preparation involves {{c1::embedding}} the tissue in {{c1::paraffin wax}}, which removes {{c1::xylene}}, and s…
Published	09/03/2024	The paraffin block is cut into slices that are {{c1::4 um}} in thickness by using a {{c1::microtome}}
Published	09/03/2024	Once we have a paraffin slice of the sample, it is mounted on a glass slide and {{c1::stained}} so that it is easier to see under the microscope
Published	09/03/2024	The most common stain is {{c1::Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Hematoxylin is a {{c1::positively}} charged, {{c1::basic}} dye that stains {{c1::negatively}} charged, {{c1::basophilic}} structures wi…
Published	09/03/2024	Basophilic structures have a {{c1::negative}} charge. Examples of basophilic structures are {{c1::nuclei, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum,…
Published	09/03/2024	Eosin is a {{c1::negatively}} charged, {{c1::acidic}} dye that stains {{c1::positively}} charged, {{c1::eosinophilic}} structures …
Published	09/03/2024	eosinophilic structures are {{c1::positively}} charged. Examples of eosinophilic structures include {{c1::MITOCHONDRIA, collagen, cytoplasmi…
Published	09/03/2024	the PAS stands for {{c1::Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)}}, and it stains {{c1::complex carbohydrates}} with a {{c1::dark red or magenta}} c…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Frozen sections}} are a kind of tissue preparation that are used for FASTER results, at the cost of image quality.
Published	09/03/2024	in a fast frozen section, the margin (outermost parts) of the resected (removed) mass are sent to the {{c1::Pathology Lab}}
Published	09/03/2024	general steps of Frozen Sections1. {{c1::sent to Pathology Lab}}2. {{c2::embedded in OCT}}3. {{c3::frozen in Liquid Nitrogen}}4. {{c4::cut in a c…
Published	09/03/2024	in frozen sections, the mass is embeded in OCT, which is {{c1::optimal cutting temperature compound}}
Published	09/03/2024	in cryostats, the frozen mass is maintained at {{c1::subfreezing}} temperatures
Published	09/03/2024	the turn around time for frozen sections can be as fast as {{c1::10 minutes}}
Published	09/03/2024	Why are frozen sections only used in urgent situations?
Published	09/03/2024	permanent sections take {{c1::12 hrs to 2.5 days}} to complete
Published	09/03/2024	in microscopy, FFPE stands for {{c1::formalin fixed paraffin embedded}}
Published	09/03/2024	When a reversible cell injury occurs, the cell returns to homeostasis. When an irreversible injury occurs, {{c1::necrosis}} or {{c1::apoptos…
Published	09/03/2024	When a normal cell in homeostasis is put under stress, either an {{c1::adaptation}} results, or the cell is injured.
Published	09/03/2024	Immunohistochemistry stains works with the following steps:1. {{c1::primary antibody}} recognizes + binds to antigen2. {{c2::secondary antibody couple…
Published	09/03/2024	Immunohistochemistry stains can be used to1. {{c1::categorize undifferentiated tumors}}2. {{c2::find origin of metastati tumors}}3.&nbs…
Published	09/03/2024	Immunohistochemistry is a {{c1::antigen-antibody reaction}} for specific cellular molecules
Published	09/03/2024	the heart's normal response to increased load is {{c1::adapted myocyte (hypertrophy)}}
Published	09/03/2024	the 5 cellular adaptations to stress are1. {{c1::hypertrophy}}2. {{c2::hyperplasia}}3. {{c3::atrophy}}4. {{c4::metaplasia}}5.&nbsp…
Published	09/03/2024	hypertrophy is an {{c1::increase in cell size}}
Published	09/03/2024	cells that can't divide are called {{c1::permanent cells}} and can only hypertrophy under stress. Examples of permanent cells include {{c1::…
Published	09/03/2024	hyperplasia is an {{c1::increase in cell number}}
Published	09/03/2024	atrophy is a {{c1::decrease in organ size and/or number}}
Published	09/03/2024	metaplasia is a {{c1::change from one adult cell type to another}}, and occurs in response to {{c1::CHRONIC}} stress/irritation
Published	09/03/2024	metaplasia is most common in {{c1::surface epithelia}}
Published	09/03/2024	dysplasia is {{c1::disordered growth}} and is {{c1::pre-cancer}}.
Published	09/03/2024	Dysplasia is categorized by {{c1::pleomorphism, large hyperchromatic nuclei, high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration, many mitoses}}
Published	09/03/2024	classify into a cellular adaptation of stress category:23yo woman with breast enlargement{{c1::physiologic hyperplasia- increased gland/stoma ratio, i…
Published	09/03/2024	classify into a cellular adaptation of stress category:78yo man who dies suddenly{{c1::cardiac hypertrophy in left ventricle:- # of myocardial fibers …
Published	09/03/2024	classify into a cellular adaptation of stress category:30yo woman will follow up biopsy after a well woman exam{{c1::uterus cervix dysplasia- increase…
Published	09/03/2024	classify into a cellular adaptation of stress category:70yo woman with vaginal bleeding{{c1::uterus endometrium atrophy:- decrease in business of cell…
Published	09/03/2024	classify as a cellular adaptation to stress:50yo with heartburn{{c1::gastroesophageal junction metaplasia:- common in surface epithelia, chronic irrit…
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