Notes in Lecture

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Published	11/09/2023
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Published	11/09/2023	Name this, its constituents, and identify the reducing ends
Published	11/09/2023	What conditions are required for a moelcule to cross the membrane?
Published	11/09/2023	This is a GPCR secondary messenger cascade discussed in class. What enzyme facilitates this cleavage? What is the glycerophospholipid substrate? …
Published	11/09/2023	Enantiomer
Published	11/09/2023	Diastereomer
Published	11/09/2023	Epimer
Published	11/09/2023	facilitated diffusion: passive or active transport?
Published	11/09/2023	name four types of facilitated diffusion
Published	11/09/2023	compare ionophore and ion channel, and give example of each
Published	11/09/2023	what molecule does valinomycin prefer?
Published	11/09/2023	names and structure of the two channels we discussed
Published	11/09/2023	structure of GLUT permease
Published	11/09/2023	four examples of active transport
Published	11/09/2023	what is a P-type ATPase?
Published	11/09/2023	What IMPs have two conformations? Compare and contrast.
Published	11/09/2023	Secondary active transport, and the 2 types
Published	11/09/2023	Example of secondary active transport
Published	11/09/2023	Rank the diffusion speeds of these membrane molecules from slowest to fastest: phospholipids, peripheral membrane proteins, integral membrane proteins
Published	11/09/2023	How can you detach an integral membrane protein in experiment? What about a peripheral membrane protein?
Published	11/09/2023	Committed step of glycolysis
Published	11/09/2023	Where does phosphate on the alpha-carbon originate when converting 3PG to 2PG?
Published	11/09/2023	Give two enzymes that phosphorylate glucose, and identify which one operates at a faster rate and its location in the body
Published	11/09/2023	Imagine you are a researcher studying tumor growth and formation. To grow a tumor, you decide to overexpress a specific protein discussed in cla…
Published	11/09/2023	Rise in angstroms, per residue, for an alpha helix and a beta strand
Published	11/09/2023	What are the oxidation states at the beginning and end of glucose?
Published	11/09/2023	Where does pyruvate go?
Published	11/09/2023	Aldolase cleaves FBP using which residues?
Published	11/09/2023	What enzymes correspond to the steps with the largest drops in ∆G in glycolysis?
Published	11/09/2023	3 unique properties of GAPDH?
Published	11/09/2023	∆Gº of glucose? How many ATPs are produced by one glucose?
Published	11/09/2023	Roles of NADH
Published	11/09/2023	Which bonds in ATP are phosphoanhydride?
Published	11/09/2023	Which bonds in ATP are phophoester?
Published	11/09/2023	Which have higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP:PC (phosphocreatine), G6P, G3P, PEP, BGPAnd rank according to transfer potential
Published	11/09/2023	Where is PCr produced and consumed?
Published	11/09/2023	D-glucopyranose: what are the three forms and what are their percent prevalence in the body?
Published	11/09/2023	What is a glycosidic bond?
Published	11/09/2023	What type of isomer is a tautomer? Give an example from glycolysis
Published	11/09/2023	How is lactose formed?
Published	11/09/2023	What is the reducing end of a saccharide?
Published	11/09/2023	Chitin
Published	11/09/2023	Amylose and Amylopectin
Published	11/09/2023	How often does amylopectin branch?
Published	11/09/2023	How often does glycogen branch?
Published	11/09/2023	Prenylation
Published	11/09/2023	Fatty acylation
Published	11/09/2023	What side are prenylated and fatty acylated proteins found?
Published	11/09/2023	What is GPI linkage? What is it for?
Published	11/09/2023	Give location of GPI anchored, prenylated, and palmitoylated proteins on membrane
Published	11/09/2023	What is Calveolin?
Published	11/09/2023	What maintains shape of RBCs?
Published	11/09/2023	∆G of rate of diffusion across membrane
Published	11/09/2023	What is the exception of polar molecule that can cross the cell membrane?
Published	11/09/2023	Describe Aquaporin
Published	11/09/2023	compare passive transport and facilitated diffusion
Published	11/09/2023	Discuss the 4 GLUT permeases
Published	11/09/2023	shape of GPCR
Published	11/09/2023	steps of GPCR
Published	11/09/2023	give one example of GPCR
Published	11/09/2023	What is the timing mechanism in GCPR?
Published	11/09/2023	Describe action of RTKs
Published	11/09/2023	What protein activates cascade that converts PIP2 to PIP3? What molecule phosphorylates PIP2?
Published	11/09/2023	Why is PIP3 important?
Published	11/09/2023	Alcohols react with aldehydes to form ______ and with ketones to form _____.
Published	11/09/2023	Presence of _____ in outer leaflet of membrane can be a signal for cell death
Published	11/09/2023	Which lipids are found on outer leaflet of membrane? Which on the inner leaflet?
Published	11/09/2023	Given these molecular components, which are present in both waxes and sphingomyelin:glycerol, fatty acid, phosphate, long-chain alcohol, carbohydrate
Published	11/09/2023	Given these molecular components, which are present in both fats and phosphoatidylcholine:glycerol, fatty acid, phosphate, long-chain alcohol, carbohy…
Published	11/09/2023	Given these molecular components, which are present in a ganglioside but not in a fat:glycerol, fatty acid, phosphate, long-chain alcohol, carbohydrat…
Published	11/09/2023	Name this lipid headgroup
Published	11/09/2023	Name this lipid headgroup
Published	11/09/2023	Name this lipid headgroup
Published	11/09/2023	Name this lipid headgroup
Published	11/09/2023	Compare glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids
Published	11/09/2023	Contrast three types of sphingolipids, and give names
Published	11/09/2023	Roles of sphingolipid
Published	11/09/2023	What activates and/or inihibits hexokinase?
Published	11/09/2023	Give two examples of reciprocal regulation
Published	11/09/2023	What activates and/or inihibits PFK-1?
Published	11/09/2023	What does PFK-2 do? In what organ(s) is it located?
Published	11/09/2023	What activates and/or inihibits PK?
Published	11/09/2023	What happens to HIF in hypoxic conditions?
Published	11/09/2023	What is one organ where G6P does not inhibit its precursor enzyme?
Published	11/09/2023	Hexokinase has what substrate and product?
Published	11/09/2023	glucose → G6P is faciliated by ______
Published	11/09/2023	G6P isomerase converts what to what?
Published	11/09/2023	G6P → F6P done by _______
Published	11/09/2023	PFK-1 converts ____ to _____
Published	11/09/2023	F6P → FBP facilitated by ______
Published	11/09/2023	FBP becomes _____ using _____
Published	11/09/2023	TIM
Published	11/09/2023	GAP becomes ______ using _______
Published	11/09/2023	What enzyme performs first substrate level phsophorylation in glycolysis?
Published	11/09/2023	BPG becomes _____ using ______
Published	11/09/2023	3PG becomes _____ using _______
Published	11/09/2023	PGM uses what residue to convert 3PG to 2PG, and how?
Published	11/09/2023	2PG becomes _____ using ______, and what is the action?
Published	11/09/2023	PEP becomes ____ using _____. What is a key product of this step?
Published	11/09/2023	Describe homolactic fermentation
Published	11/09/2023	Describe ethanol fermentation
Published	11/09/2023	What is the omega carbon of a fatty acid?What is omega notation?
Published	11/09/2023	How does hydrocarbon chain length affect the melting point of fatty acids?
Published	11/09/2023	How do double bonds affect the melting point of fatty acids?
Published	11/09/2023	What is Triacylglycerol?
Published	11/09/2023	What makes triacylglycerols (fats) a good form of energy storage?
Published	11/09/2023	How does the state of a liquid depend on fatty acid composition?
Published	11/09/2023	What are membrane lipids composed of?
Published	11/09/2023	What is PE? (Hint: Glycerophospholipid)
Published	11/09/2023	What is PC? (Hint: Glycerophospholipid)
Published	11/09/2023	What is PS? (Hint: Glycerophospholipid)
Published	11/09/2023	What are lipid rafts composed of?
Published	11/09/2023	What kind of double bonds are found in the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids?
Published	11/09/2023	What are some key functions of biological membranes?
Published	11/09/2023	What are the building blocks of biological membranes?
Published	11/09/2023	What is the pKa of a fatty acid carboxyl head group?
Published	11/09/2023	What does 18:1(Δ9) mean when referring to a fatty acid?
Published	11/09/2023	What is PI? (Hint: Glycerophospholipid)
Published	11/09/2023	What is a cardiolipin?
Published	11/09/2023	What is the function of cardiolipin?
Published	11/09/2023	What is a sphingolipid?
Published	11/09/2023	What class of sphingolipids are similar to phosphoglycerides (contain phosphate in head group)?
Published	11/09/2023	What class of sphingolipids had a single sugar head group?
Published	11/09/2023	What are gangliosides?
Published	11/09/2023	What is the purpose of gangliosides?
Published	11/09/2023	The metabolism of what molecule is altered in the development of Tay-Sachs disease?
Published	11/09/2023	What are the components of cholesterol?
Published	11/09/2023	What are the components of steroids?
Published	11/09/2023	What drives the self-association of Lipids?
Published	11/09/2023	Self association of amphipathic lipids:
Published	11/09/2023	What shape do single fatty-acyl chains, like detergents, form?
Published	11/09/2023	What are the fundamentals of the fluid mosaic model of membrane organization?
Published	11/09/2023	How can lateral diffusion be measured in a bilayer?
Published	11/09/2023	How does temp relative to Tm affect fluidity of a membrane?
Published	11/09/2023	How are membrane fluidity and Tm  affected by short and unsaturated fatty acid chains?
Published	11/09/2023	How are membrane fluidity and Tm  affected by long and saturated fatty acid chains?
Published	11/09/2023	What effect does temperature have on bacterial membrane composition?
Published	11/09/2023	How do eukaryotes use cholesterol to regulate memrane fluidity?
Published	11/09/2023	What molecules does cholesterol associate with in a membrane?
Published	11/09/2023	What functionality do lipid rafts provide?
Published	11/09/2023	Asymmetric distribution of membrane bilayers? (Inner/Outer)
Published	11/09/2023	What protein facilitates transverse diffusion of lipids?
Published	11/09/2023	What is the function of a floppase?
Published	11/09/2023	What phospholipid transporter facilitates transverse diffusion without using ATP?
Published	11/09/2023	What percentage of the genome encodes membrane proteins?
Published	11/09/2023	What is the protein content of a typical membrane?
Published	11/09/2023	Where are integral membrane proteins found?
Published	11/09/2023	How can integral membrane proteins be separated from the membrane?
Published	11/09/2023	Where are peripheral membrane proteins found?
Published	11/09/2023	How can peripheral membrane proteins be separated from the bilayer?
Published	11/09/2023	What is the most common membrane spanning motif for integral membrane proteins?
Published	11/09/2023	Can proteins have multiple membrane spanning helices?
Published	11/09/2023	What motif is commonly found in transporter, pore, and channel membrane proteins?
Published	11/09/2023	How can transmembrane helices be identified analytically?
Published	11/09/2023	What are annular lipids and what do they do?
Published	11/09/2023	Maltose
Published	11/09/2023	Sucrose
Published	11/09/2023	Cellulose
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