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Published	02/18/2024	A 60-year-old female with a history of locally advanced endometrial cancer presents with vomiting and constipation.   What are the likely ca…
Published	02/18/2024	Management for SBO from peritoneal disease
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the role of surgery or other invasive procedures in malignant bowel obstruction due to advanced gynaecological cancer
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the pharmacological pain management options. Include in your answer the rationale, advantages and disadvantages for each class of drug
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the strategies involved in a holistic approach to end-of-life care
Published	02/18/2024	Outline your management of sacral insufficiency fractures
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss your management of lymphadema
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the possible presentation, investigation, and management options for late oesophageal toxicity
Published	02/18/2024	What is the pathogenesis of cardiac complications following radiation therapy?
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the pathogenic processes and resultant pathological changes associated with potential late cardiac side effects. (4)
Published	02/18/2024	List the clinical features and underlying pathological changes of potential late skin side effects from radiation traetment.
Published	02/18/2024	a. List the main classes of tumour antigens and provide one example for each class. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	Briefly describe the ways in which our immune system can prevent the development of cancer? (1.5)
Published	02/18/2024	How do cancers escape host immune response? (3)
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the mechanism of action of the following immune checkpoint inhibitors and how it leads to tumour control: (2)
Published	02/18/2024	What are the pathological and molecular characteristics of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas that make them ideal for immune checkpoint blockade?…
Published	02/18/2024	Using a table, outline the common microbial/viral and parasitic organisms that can cause carcinogenesis. Provide examples of cancers caused by t…
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the mechanism by which chemicals cause carcinogenesis. (3)
Published	02/18/2024	i Define a prognostic factor and a predictive factor. (1)
Published	02/18/2024	ii Describe the criteria used to determine if a factor is prognostic. (1)
Published	02/18/2024	a. List the hallmarks of carcinogenesis. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the stages of carcinogenesis caused by physical agents. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the molecular changes causing carcinogenesis by HPV virus. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	Most oncology clinical trials include collection of quality-of-life data. i. In general, what are the methodological problems associated with collecti…
Published	02/18/2024	What specific problems may be encountered in assessing quality of life in patients with brain metastases? 2 marks
Published	02/18/2024	A Forest plot is often used to represent data in a meta-analysis. Describe the main components of a Forest plot when used in this setting. You may use…
Published	02/18/2024	What is the definition of a surrogate end point? Give three examples of surrogate endpoints. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using surrog…
Published	02/18/2024	In general, what criteria should an investigative test meet in order for it to be considered as being suitable for use in a screening program? (2)&nbs…
Published	02/18/2024	Define stage migration (Will Rogers phenomenon) and how it would influence your interpretation of medical literature. Provide an example to illustrate…
Published	02/18/2024	a. What is meant by the terms: (2) i. Oligometastatic disease.ii. Oligoprogressive disease.
Published	02/18/2024	What factors should be considered in deciding whether a patient could benefit from aggressive treatment of oligometastatic disease? (2)
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the evidence for stereotactic body radiotherapy for metachronous oligometastatic disease. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	Apart from diagnosis, briefly describe the other roles of serum tumour markers in the management of malignancy. Give an example for each role. (3)&nbs…
Published	02/18/2024	With regards to paraneoplastic syndrome, define the term “paraneoplastic syndrome” and list the ones that may cause delirium in a cancer patient. (1)&…
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the mechanisms of malignancy-related hypercalcaemia. Include in your answer the malignancy/ies most commonly associated with each mechanism. …
Published	02/18/2024	a. What is the rationale and possible mechanism of action for the concurrent use of radiation therapy with immunotherapy? In your answer discuss the i…
Published	02/18/2024	What is the pathophysiology behind the main side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors? Outline the common side effects. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the evidence that supports the routine use of immunotherapy in the management of melanoma with no BRAF driver mutation. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	. Define the terms: (3) i Quality Of Life (QOL) ii Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)iii Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY)
Published	02/18/2024	Define the terms: (3) i Quality Of Life (QOL) ii Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) iii Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY)
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the uses of HRQOL measurement in oncological practice. (3)
Published	02/18/2024	i What are the ideal features of a tool which measures HRQOL?
Published	02/18/2024	In general, what are the components of a comprehensive geriatric assessment? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using such a tool. (4 marks)
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