Notes in 15Amebae&Flagellates

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sporadic::Level of Disease}} - A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Endemic::Level of Disease}} - Refers to constant presence and/or prevalence of a disease or an infectious agent in the population within a …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epidemic::Level of Disease}} - Refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease often above what is normally expect…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pandemic::Level of Disease}} - Refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Commensalism::Symbiosis}} - two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the othe…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mutualism::Symbiosis}} - two organisms mutually benefit from each other
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Parasitism::Symbiosis}} - one organism lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the h…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Endoparasite::Parasite}} - Parasite living inside the body of a host, causes infection
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ectoparasites::Parasite}} - A parasite living outside the body of a host, causes infestation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Erratic parasite::Parasite}} - When a parasite is found in an organ which is not its usual habitat
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Obligate parasite::Parasite}} - They need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Facultative parasite::Parasite}} - May exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Accidental/Incidental parasite::Parasite}} - A parasite which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Permanent parasite::Parasite}} - Remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Temporary parasite::Parasite}} - Lives on the host only for a short period of time
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Spurious parasite::Parasite}} - Free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Definitive/Final host::Host}} - One in which the parasite attains sexual maturity (male or female)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intermediate host::Host}} - Harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Paratenic host::Host}} - One in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages but remains alive and can infect other hosts
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Reservoir host::Host}} - Allow the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Biologic host::Vector}} - Transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mechanical/Phoretic host::Vector}} - Only transports the parasite physically
Published	07/30/2024	A protozoan is {{c1::eu::eu/pro}}karyotic
Published	07/30/2024	A protozoan is {{c1::uni::uni/multi}}cellular
Published	07/30/2024	Protozoans are {{c1::obligatory}} parasites
Published	07/30/2024	Pathogenic and invasive species of the phylum {{c2::Sardonica}}: {{c1::Entamoeba histolytica}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Trophozoite}} - motile, vegetative form of Amebae
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cyst}} - nonmotile, infective stage of parasites
Published	07/30/2024	E. {{c1::gingivalis}} is the only entamobae that does not live in the large instestine and undergo encystation
Published	07/30/2024	Amebae reproduce through {{c1::binary fission}}
Published	07/30/2024	Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic {{c1::dysentery}}, amebic {{c1::liver abscess}}, and {{c1::colitis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Intestinal amebae with cross eyed cyst: {{c1::Endolimax nana}}
Published	07/30/2024	Iodine loving intestinal amebae: {{c1::Iodamoeba butschlii}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ingesting amebae causes them to {{c1::excyst}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Excyst}}: {{c2::cyst stage}} → {{c2::trophozoite}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Encyst}}: {{c2::trophozoite}} → {{c2::cyst stage}}
Published	07/30/2024	Excreting amebae causes them to {{c1::encyst}}
Published	07/30/2024	Could you get infected with the trophozoite form?{{c1::Not likely because the trophozoite does not survive long (usually <30 mins) in the gastric m…
Published	07/30/2024	Trophozoites live in {{c1::watery::dry/watery}} environments
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Size 1. Cyst 2. Trophozoite{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Locomotory organelles of Entamoeba histolytica: {{c1::pseudopodia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ingested RBCs in Entamobae histolytica description: {{c1::pale, greenish, refractile bodies in the cytoplasm of ameba.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Entamobae histolytica cysts have {{c2::highly::weakly/highly}} refractile {{c1::hyalin cyst wall}}
Published	07/30/2024	Entamobae histolytica cysts can have up to {{c1::4}} nuclei
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Entamobae histolytica}} cysts have {{c1::rod-shaped/cigar}}-shaped chromatoidal bars
Published	07/30/2024	Stage in Entamobae that is never found in invaded tissues: {{c1::Cysts}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 mechanisms for virulence of Entamobae histolyticao {{c1::Production of enzymes or other cytotoxic substances}}o {{c2::Contact-dependent cell killing…
Published	07/30/2024	Amebic colitis symptoms:{{c1::Abdo painDiarrhea (may or may not have blood in the stool)::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Children may develop a form of amebic colitis called {{c1::fulminant}} colitis that manifests with {{c2::severe bloody diarrhea, fever, and abdo pain:…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ameboma}} - A mass-like lesion with abdominal pain, a history of dysentery, and/or obstruction caused by Entamobae histolytica
Published	07/30/2024	Most common extra-intestinal form of amebiasis: {{c1::Amebic Liver Abscess}}
Published	07/30/2024	Amebic Liver Abscess usually presents with fever and {{c1::right upper quadrant::abdo quadrant}} pain
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Direct fecal smear::Diagnostic test}} - detection of trophozoites or cysts
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Concentration techniques::Diagnostic test}} - more sensitive for detection of cysts where stool is dissolved and centrifuged and cysts sett…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::PCR::Diagnostic test}} - to differentiate E. histolytica from E. {{c2::dispar}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Serological tests (ELISA)::Diagnostic test}} - for ALA (amebic liver abscess)
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for invasive amebiasis: {{c1::Metronidazole}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers: {{c1::Diloxanide furoate}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 alternative treatments aside from Metronidazole and Diloxanide furoate for amebiasis: {{c1::Tinadazole and Secnidazole}}
Published	07/30/2024	Flagellates belong to subphylum {{c1::Mastigophora}} and class {{c1::Zoomastigophora}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Two groups under flagellates:- {{c1::intestinal and urogenital flagellates}}- {{c1::hemoflagellates}}
Published	07/30/2024	Flagellates utilize {{c1::flagella}} for locomotion.
Published	07/30/2024	Life stages of flagellates: - {{c1::cyst, trophozoite::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Intestinal and urogenital flagellates are also called {{c1::luminal}} and {{c1::atrial}} flagellates.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Leishmania}} spp. and {{c2::Trypanosoma}} spp. are examples of {{c1::hemoflagellates::group of flagellates}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::axoneme}} - root of the flagellum
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::axostyle}} - sheet of microtubules arising from the base of the flagella; for framework
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::kinetosome}} - granule to which the flagellum is attached
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::cytostome}} - cell mouth
Published	07/30/2024	Intestinal/urogenital flagellates all inhabit the {{c2::large intestine}} except the following species: {{c1::Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vagina…
Published	07/30/2024	All intestinal/urogenital flagellates undergo encystation except {{c1::Trichomonas sp.}}.
Published	07/30/2024	All intestinal/urogenital flagellates are {{c1::commensals::mode of nutrition}} except {{c2::Giardia lamblia, Dientamoeba fragilis, Trichomonas v…
Published	07/30/2024	Other names for Giardia duodenalis:- {{c1::G. intestinalis, G. lamblia, Cercomonas intestinalis::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	MOT for Giardia duodenalis: {{c1::ingestion of infective cysts}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Giardia duodenalis/G. intestinalis/G. lamblia/Cercomonas intestinalis}} is the causative agent of {{c2::giardiasis, traveler's diarrhea, ba…
Published	07/30/2024	Habitat of G. duodenalis: {{c1::duodenum/jejunum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Infective stage of G. duodenalis: {{c1::cyst stage}}
Published	07/30/2024	G. duodenalis excysts in the {{c1::duodenum}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Once G. duodenalis is attached to the intestinal cells, it causes {{c1::villous flattening}} and {{c1::crypt hypertrophy}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Symptoms in acute cases of G. duodenalis infection: - {{c1::excessive flatus with rotten egg odor}}- {{c1::diarrhea}}- {{c1::malaise}}-…
Published	07/30/2024	Symptoms in chronic cases of G. duodenalis infection: - {{c1::steatorrhea}}- {{c1::weight loss}}- {{c1::profound malaise}}- {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	Methods of diagnosis for G. duodenalis:- {{c1::direct fecal smear}}- {{c1::concentration techniques::cysts}}- {{c1::duodenal-jejunal as…
Published	07/30/2024	The method of diagnosis for G. duodenalis that has the highest sensitivity and specificity is the {{c1::direct fluorescent Ab test}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In the antigen detection test for diagnosing {{c2::G. duodenalis}}, the antigen to be detected is {{c1::CWP1}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for G. duodenalis- {{c1::metronidazole}}- {{c1::tinidazole}}- {{c1::furazolidone}}- {{c1::abendazole}}- {{c1::nitra…
Published	07/30/2024	Drug used for treatment of G. duodenalis that has been used effectively in drug-resistant cases: {{c1::nitrazoxanide}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Direct oral-anal sexual contact among MSM increase the risk for G. duodenalis infection.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Trichomonas vaginalis}} is the causative agent of {{c2::trichomoniasis}}.
Published	07/30/2024	habitat of T. vaginalis: {{c1::urogenital area}}
Published	07/30/2024	MOT for T. vaginalis: {{c1::intimate contact, infant delivery, contaminated towels and underwear::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trichomonas sp. are always in the {{c1::trophozoite}} stage.
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnostic stage for T. vaginalis: trophozoite in {{c1::vaginal and prostatic secretions}} and {{c1::urine}}
Published	07/30/2024	T. vaginalis multiplies via {{c1::longitudinal binary fission}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Infective stage for T. vaginalis: trophozoite in {{c1::vagina or urethral orifice}}
Published	07/30/2024	T. vaginalis has a {{c1::pyriform}} shape with {{c2::four::number}} free anterior flagella that appear to arise from a simple stalk, and ano…
Published	07/30/2024	T. vaginalis has a {{c2::median::location}} axostyle and a {{c1::single::number}} nucleus.
Published	07/30/2024	Patient with {{c2::green/yellow::color}} vaginal discharge, dyuria, postpartum endometritis, and a {{c3::stawberry}} cervix: {{c1::Trichomoniasis}}
Published	07/30/2024	In males, trichomoniasis is usually {{c1::asymptomatic}}. But in some cases, {{c2::urethritis}} and {{c2::prostatitis}} may occur.&nbsp…
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnosis of trichomoniasis:- {{c1::saline preparation of vaginal fluid}}- {{c1::culture}}- {{c1::Pap smear}}- {{c1::Ag detection …
Published	07/30/2024	Gold standard for diagnosis of trichomoniasis: {{c1::culture (2-5 days)}}
Published	07/30/2024	T. vaginalis is cultured using the following media: - {{c1::Diamond's modified medium}}- {{c1::Feinberg and Whittington culture medium}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Metronidazole}}: drug of choice for treating trichomoniasis in pregnant women
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tinidazole}}: drug for treating trichomoniasis in nonpregnant women
Status	Last Update	Fields