Notes in Module 7 - Drug Toxicity and Adverse Drug Reaction

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Published	01/07/2024	What are the four causes of harmful outcomes during therapeutic use?
Published	01/07/2024	What are adverse drug events (ADEs)?
Published	01/07/2024	These are noxious or unintended responses from a drug at normal dose meant for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or treatment of disease, or modification of phy…
Published	01/07/2024	What are the four common endpoints of ADRs?
Published	01/07/2024	In the WHO-ADR database, there are more than 3 million reported ADRs. What are the population profiles?
Published	01/07/2024	How do ADRs vary between high-income and low to middle income countries (LMICs)?
Published	01/07/2024	What are the incidence data from PGH regarding ADRs from 2011 to 2013?
Published	01/07/2024	How high is the incidence of ADRs among hospitalized patients worldwide?
Published	01/07/2024	What are the six types of ADR?
Published	01/07/2024	This is a dose-related increase in harmful effects that are predictable and may even be related to goal of treatment.
Published	01/07/2024	Dryness of mouth from anti-cholinergic drugs, as well as extra pyramidal symptoms like shuffling gait from anti-psychotic drugs are examples of this A…
Published	01/07/2024	These are non-dose-related and unpredictable effects not related to the pharmacologic action of the drug
Published	01/07/2024	Neuroleptic malignant syndrome from anti-psychotic drugs, as well as drug allergies, are examples of this ADR.
Published	01/07/2024	These are dose- and time-related effects from cumulative doses of typically maintenance medications.
Published	01/07/2024	Liver dysfunction from anti-TB medications like isoniazid and rifampicin, as well as Cushing's syndrome from corticosteroid use are some examples of t…
Published	01/07/2024	These effects are not apparent until significant time had elapsed since drug intake, with teratogenic, carcinogenic, or immunotoxic effects commonly p…
Published	01/07/2024	Phocomelia among "thalidomide babies" is an example of this ADR.
Published	01/07/2024	These are reactions after a sudden drug withdrawal or cessation.
Published	01/07/2024	Agitation or insomnia are some symptoms arising from cessation of opioid or benzodiazepine use. This is an example of what ADR?
Published	01/07/2024	These effects are observed as expected failure in achieving therapeutic goal as a result of substandard drug, presence of toxic incipients, adjuvants,…
Published	01/07/2024	What is drug interaction?
Published	01/07/2024	What is the incidence of clinically significant drug interactions?
Published	01/07/2024	What five factors increase interaction adverse events?
Published	01/07/2024	What are the three types of adverse drug interactions?
Published	01/07/2024	These are physicochemical interactions between drugs in different or same solution/formulation/preparation such that there is an interaction between t…
Published	01/07/2024	Changing a phenytoin pill filter from calcium sulfate to lactose causes elevated dissolution rate and high plasma phenytoin concentration. The ensuing…
Published	01/07/2024	IV incompatibilities between phenytoin and dextrose solutions due to differing pH environments and other compositions cause attenuation of efficacy. W…
Published	01/07/2024	Pharmacokinetic interactions focus on these four processes.
Published	01/07/2024	These are GIT changes in physiology or contents that alter drug uptake.
Published	01/07/2024	These are changes in relative binding affinity of of drugs that alter the levels of free concentration and availability for interactions.
Published	01/07/2024	These involve stimulation (causing reduced effects) or inhibition (causing enhanced effects) of the hepatic microsomal p450 system.
Published	01/07/2024	These are alterations in drug clearance.
Published	01/07/2024	Whereas like pH environments promote absorption, what promotes ready urine excretion?
Published	01/07/2024	These interactions occur when a drug alters the effect of another drug at the site of action.
Published	01/07/2024	Due to competitive actions at the same or two different sites, beta blockers (propranolol) and calcium channel blockers (verapamil) together cause pro…
Published	01/07/2024	NSAIDs (ibuprofen) alters the cellular environment by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis which would have caused vasodilation. When paired with ACE in…
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