Notes in 04 Obesity

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Published	02/20/2024	The number of insulin receptors is {{c1::increased}} in starvation and {{c1::decreased}} in obesity
Published	02/20/2024	How does insulin resistance arise in obese patients (resulting in type 2 DM)?{{c1::Obesity causes downregulation of insulin receptors}}
Published	02/20/2024	Exenatide, liraglutide, and semaglutide are examples of {{c1::GLP-1 agonists}}
Published	02/20/2024	GLP-1 analogs cause increased {{c1::insulin}} release and satiety
Published	02/20/2024	GLP-1 analogs cause decreased {{c1::glucagon}} release and gastric emptying
Published	02/20/2024	GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors cause decreased {{c1::glucagon}} secretion
Published	02/20/2024	GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors cause increased satiety via decreased {{c1::gastric emptying}}
Published	02/20/2024	What demographic is most commonly affected by polycystic ovarian syndrome? {{c1::Obese, young females}}
Published	02/20/2024	What is the clinical use for orlistat?{{c1::Weight loss}}
Published	02/20/2024	What pathology is characterized by insatiable appetite (hyperphagia), obesity, intellectual disability, and hypogonadism? {{c1::Prader-Willi syndrome}…
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Obesity hypoventilation}} syndrome is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply enough
Published	02/20/2024	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulates {{c1::insulin}} secretion and inhibits {{c1::glucagon}} secretion
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Non-alcoholic fatty}} liver disease is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome
Published	02/20/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with obesity and diabetes who presents with hepatomegaly and mildly elevated LFTs in the absence of other ca…
Published	02/20/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in an obese patient with daytime somnolence, morning headaches, and normal daytime CO2? {{c1::Obstructive sleep apnea}}
Published	02/20/2024	Diabetes screening recommended in adults 35-70 who are {{c1::overweight/obese::population}}
Published	02/20/2024	Which classes of diabetic drugs can be added to metformin in a patient with uncontrolled blood glucose that desires weight loss?{{c1::GLP-1 agonists o…
Published	02/20/2024	Patients who are overweight or have obesity and have additional cardiovascular disease risk factors should be educated on:{{c1::Healthy…
Published	02/20/2024	Obesity is an important risk factor for insulin resistance (particularly {{c1::abdominal::location}} fat)
Published	02/20/2024	Adipocytes, β cells, and FFAs cause release of {{c1::cytokines ("adipokines")}}, which contributes to insulin resistance in obesity
Published	02/20/2024	Intracellular accumulation of triglycerides and FFAs contributes to insulin resistance in obesity via {{c1::inhibition of insulin signaling}}
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Older}} adults are at risk for sarcopenic obesity (the loss of lean mass and a higher percent body fat)
Published	02/20/2024	To estimate the calorie needs for weight loss:({{c1::Ideal body weight}}) x ({{c1::10}}) = BMR calories
Published	02/23/2024	Calculating IBW:For women: IBW = 100 pounds for the first {{c1::5}} feet + {{c1::5}} pounds for every inch moreFor men: IBW = 106 pounds for the first…
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Ultra-processed}} foods are foods that use many ingredients, including food additives that improve palatability, processed raw materials and ing…
Published	02/20/2024	a032e40458854b339dafb671fddbece8-oa-1
Published	02/20/2024	Ultra-processed food consumption has {{c1::increased}} in recent years
Published	02/20/2024	In one study, those that were on UPF diets consumed {{c1::500}} more calories than those on unprocessed food diets
Published	02/20/2024	d413e0d6e74d46179dc857809fcaf117-oa-1
Published	02/20/2024	UPF can {{c1::increase}} chronic inflammation
Published	02/20/2024	A meta-analysis showed that {{c1::vegan}} diets and lacto ovo vegetarian diets showed great weight loss
Published	02/20/2024	Fiber is a plant based food that causes {{c1::decreased}} inflammation, {{c1::decreased}} weight gain, and an {{c1::increase}} in satie…
Published	02/20/2024	61c4cc567aee4288b4d7ff345c9ffde3-oa-1
Published	02/20/2024	If you are on a restrictive diet (like a vegan or low-carb diet), you may be at risk for {{c1::nutritional}} deficiencies
Published	02/20/2024	The EPIC-Oxford study showed that people on {{c1::vegan}} diets were more likely to have hip fractures and that vitamin B12, calcium, and/or vitamin D…
Published	02/20/2024	Those on vegan diets are more at risk of developing vitamin {{c1::B12}}, {{c1::calcium}}, and/or vitamin {{c1::D}} deficiencies
Published	02/20/2024	Low {{c1::carbohydrate}} diets have been shown to improve glycemic control and HbA1c
Published	02/20/2024	Humans were not made to be chronically {{c1::fed}}, thus intermittent fasting may have some merit as it {{c2::decreases}} the number of…
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::TRE}} regimens work to align the cycle of feeding and fasting with circadian rhythms
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Ketogenic}} diets are effective for weight loss and show reductions in A1c and inflammatory markers, but all studies show an increase in LDL cho…
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Obesity}} is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health, and is measured with a BMi > {{c2::30}}
Published	02/23/2024	{{c1::Weight distribution}} is clinically more useful than BMI because it shows where the weight is distributed in a patient with obesity
Published	02/20/2024	There are {{c1::a lot}} of medical complications associated with being overweight or obese, and some of them include insulin resistance, diabetes, hea…
Published	02/20/2024	There are many {{c1::behavioral}} risk factors to obesity which include binge eeating, depression, social cues, large portion sizes, stress …
Published	02/20/2024	Most cases of obesity are {{c1::poly}}genetic
Published	02/20/2024	Prader-Willi syndrome annd Bardet-biedl syndrome are associated with {{c1::obesity}}
Published	02/20/2024	There are various {{c1::socioeconomic}} factors that contribute to obesity such as living in a food desert and the high cost of eating healthy
Published	02/20/2024	Many {{c1::medications}} can cause obesity too, so we should be aware before prescribing these
Published	02/20/2024	Various {{c1::diseases}} are asoscited with obesity too, such as Cushing's disease/syndrome and diabetes
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Environmental}} factors like safety and a lack of nearby parks/sidewalks can contribute to obesity
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Learned}} behaviors from your family or childhood can lead to obesity
Published	02/20/2024	A {{c1::lack}} of sleep can cause obesity
Published	02/20/2024	The {{c1::arcuate}} nucleus receives signals from the GI tract and regulates the feeding center and satiety center in the brain
Published	02/20/2024	The arcuate nucleus promotes eating (pro-orexigenic) by making {{c1::NPY}} and AgRP
Published	02/20/2024	The arcuate nucleus inhibits eating (anorexic) by expressing {{c1::POMC}} which get processed to alpha-MSH before activating …
Published	02/20/2024	The {{c1::hedonic}} system is our reward system which contributes to feeling "good" after eating
Published	02/20/2024	Medications like opiod {{c1::antagonists}} (naltrexone), topiramate, bupropion are helpful to curb food cravings by targeting the hedonic sy…
Published	02/20/2024	Our {{c1::cognitive}} system in our brain gives us the "willpower" to control what we eat and say "no" to food
Published	02/20/2024	CCK triggers satiety and {{c1::inhibits}} the feeding center in our brain
Published	02/20/2024	Adipose tissue, in addition to storing fat, releases {{c1::adipokines}} with important metabolic and immune functions
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::70}}% of our total daily energy expenditure is from the basal metabolic rate (resting energy expenditure) while only {{c1::20}}% of this comes f…
Published	02/20/2024	In treating obesity with lifestyle changes, the key is {{c1::consistency}}
Published	02/20/2024	Tirzapeptide and liraglutide are {{c2::GLP-1 receptor agonists}} and are contraindicated in patients with a history of {{c1::pancreatitis}},…
Published	02/20/2024	Naltrexone is an {{c2::opiod receptor antagonist}} that is good for treating obesity but is contraindicated in patients with {{c1::chronic opiod use}}
Published	02/20/2024	Bupropion is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake {{c1::inhibitor}} which is good for treating obesity but should not be used in pati…
Published	02/20/2024	Phentermine reduces the re-uptake of {{c1::norepinephrine}} which is good for treating obesity but should not be used in patients …
Published	02/20/2024	Topiramate is a GABA {{c1::agonist}} which is good for treating obesity but should not be used in patients with {{c2::seizure}} hi…
Published	02/20/2024	The most effective drugs for treating obesity have been GLP-1 receptor {{c1::agonists}}
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Endoscopic}} options for weight loss include endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty or inserting a gastric balloon, but both of these are short term ans…
Published	02/20/2024	Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by {{c1::increased}} levels of ghrelin
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