Notes in Genetics Lecture AUG 28th (AG)

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Published	09/02/2024	We have {{c1::46}} DNA molecules and {{c1::23}} chromosome chromosomes.
Published	09/02/2024	Sister chromatids are {{c1::identical}}, homologous are {{c1::not}}.
Published	09/02/2024	Chromosomes are highly {{c1::condensed}} during mitosis, making them visible under a microscope as "{{c1::metaphase chromosomes}}."
Published	09/02/2024	DNA exists in the cell as a complex with {{c1::proteins}}.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Chromatin}} is how nucleic acids exist in the nucleus and interact with {{c2::proteins}}.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC)}} is a series of proteins that stablizie {{c2::RNA polymerase}} at the start of transcription.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Nucleosomes}} are unites of {{c2::chromatin}}.
Published	09/02/2024	Chromatin is a complex of {{c2::DNA}} and {{c1::proteins}}(mainly histones).
Published	09/02/2024	Two sister {{c1::chromatids}} line up together before separation during {{c1::metaphase}}.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Karyotypes}} represent metaphase chromosomes.
Published	09/02/2024	A {{c1::karyotype}} is a picture or chart of all the {{c1::chromosomes}} in a cell, arranged in pairs and organized by size, shape, and number. It’s u…
Published	09/02/2024	How many DNA molecules are present?
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Telomeres}} protect the {{c2::end}} of chromosomes.
Published	09/02/2024	An {{c1::ideogram}} is a representation of a chromsome in a schematic diagram showing the relative {{c1::size, banding patterns, and locations}} of im…
Published	09/02/2024	A {{c1::chromosome}} is a thread-like structure made of {{c1::DNA and proteins}} that carries genetic information.
Published	09/02/2024	Chromosomes are found in the {{c1::nucleus}} of cells and contain the genes that determine your {{c1::traits}}, like eye color or blood type.
Published	09/02/2024	A {{c1::metaphase chromosome}} is a chromosome that is tightly coiled and highly {{c1::condensed}}, making it easier to see under a microscope. This o…
Published	09/02/2024	A {{c1::chromatid}} is one of the two {{c1::identical}} halves of a duplicated chromosome. When a cell is about to divide, each chromosome copies itse…
Published	09/02/2024	Chromatids are joined together at a point called the {{c1::centromere}} until they are separated into different cells during cell division.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Mitosis}} is the process by which a single cell divides into two {{c1::identical}} daughter cells.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Interphase}} is the phase of a cell's life cycle when a cell grows, {{c1::replicates}} its DNA, and prepares for cell division.
Published	09/02/2024	A {{c1::centromere}} is a constricted region on a chromosome that helps a cell {{c1::divide}} its DNA during mitosis.
Published	09/02/2024	Most proteins are {{c1::histone}} molecules. They conatin many {{c1::arg}} and {{c1::lys}} residues and highly {{c1::positively}} charged.
Published	09/02/2024	Proteins that aren't histones are {{c1::RNA and DNA}} polymerases, proteins that regulate {{c1::transcription}}, and many other proteins.
Published	09/02/2024	Open Chromatin also known as {{c1::Euchromatin}} is less condensed, generally associated with active {{c1::transcription}}.
Published	09/02/2024	Closed Chromatin, also known as {{c1::heterochromatin}}, is highly {{c1::condensed}} and typically transcriptionally {{c1::inactive}}.
Published	09/02/2024	Histone acetylation is associated with {{c1::open}} chromatin, where acetylation of {{c2::lysine}} residues reduces the positive charge, {{c3::we…
Published	09/02/2024	Acetylation is {{c1::SPECIFIC}}
Published	09/02/2024	Basic mechanisms for gene expression are {{c1::open}} and {{c1::closed}} chromatin.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Transactivators}} will interact with DNA sequences and bring HAT (histone acetylation tranferases) to {{c2::destablize}} DNA on the nucleosome.&…
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Transcription}} cannot be synthesized with {{c2::closed}} chromatin.
Published	09/02/2024	Central Dogma
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Histone modifications}} directly affect chromatin structure and they create {{c2::binding}} sites for the proteins that facilitate gene expressi…
Published	09/02/2024	The nucleosome consist of about {{c1::150 bp}} of DNA wrapped {{c1::twice}} around {{c1::8}} histone molecules.
Published	09/02/2024	Nucleosomes are separated by about {{c1::50 bp}} of DNA, termed {{c2::linker}} DNA.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Amino terminal}} ends help bring {{c2::nucleosomes}} together.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Histone variants}} play a role in changing chromatin. Enzymes will take out {{c1::conventional}} histones and replace it with a variant loc…
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC)}} is a complex of proteins that is essential for the {{c2::transcription}} of protein-coding genes.
Published	09/02/2024	What is the overall relationship between chromatin structure and gene expression?
Published	09/02/2024	Histone modifications can do two things...
Published	09/02/2024	Post translational modifications have 2 functions
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Histone deacetylase}} takes away acetyl groupds and causes chromatin to {{c2::condense}}.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Histone deacetylase}} is tethered to DNA by {{c2::SSBDP}} (Seqeunce Specific DNA Binding Protein) miuch like histone acetylase is tethered by {{…
Published	09/02/2024	There are proteins that will bind to post translational modification that will {{c2::condense}} chromatin known as {{c1::heterochromatin}} (HP1).
Published	09/02/2024	Heterochromatin (HP1) has the capacity to interact with {{c1::itself}}. A lot of HP1 in a sequence will allow it to {{c1::bind}} to itself and close d…
Published	09/02/2024	There are four proteins that regulate chromatin and sub-nucleosomal structure
Published	09/02/2024	Gene expression is regulated by {{c1::chromatin}} structure: Open chromatin is associated with {{c1::active}} transcription, while closed chromatin is…
Published	09/02/2024	Histone modifications such as {{c1::acetylation}} and {{c1::methylation}} influence chromatin structure and gene expression.
Published	09/02/2024	The Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC) is essential for the initiation of {{c1::transcription}}, with the TATA box playing a key role in {{c1::PIC}} assembl…
Published	09/02/2024	1.Chromatin is a complex of {{c1::DNA}} and protein.
Published	09/02/2024	1.Genes in highly ordered (condensed) chromatin cannot be transcribed into {{c1::RNA}} and are relatively insensitive to DNase.
Published	09/02/2024	The {{c1::nucleosome}} is the basic subunit of chromatin.
Published	09/02/2024	1.Nucleosomes consist of a core particle, consisting of positively charged histone proteins, and of {{c1::150}} bp of DNA wrapped twice around the out…
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Closed chromatin}} is condensed, inactive chromatin detectable by microscopy.  Euchromatin is decondensed, active chromatin detectable by m…
Published	09/02/2024	1.Histone acetyl transferases (HATs) add {{c1::acetyal groups}} to lysines, reducing the positive charge of the histone proteins and consequently redu…
Published	09/02/2024	Histone deacetyl transferases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from {{c1::lysine}} residues in histone molecules.  Histone methylases add methyl grou…
Published	09/02/2024	The histone post-translational modifications can provide {{c1::binding}} sites for proteins that facilitate chromatin function.  For example, HP1…
Published	09/02/2024	1.ATP-dependent remodeling complexes alter nucleosome structure(s) in a way that facilitates gene expression and requires {{c1::ATP}}.
Published	09/02/2024	1.HATs, HDACs, histone methylases and ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are brought to {{c1::specific}} sequences in the DNA by SSDBP.&nbsp…
Published	09/02/2024	1.In the decondensed form, chromatin provides access to DNA binding proteins via the linker DNA, destabilized nucleosomes, or {{c1::nucleosome}}-free …
Published	09/02/2024	The {{c1::pre-intiation complex}} forms by an ordered assembly of components.  Most of the components assemble by contacting other proteins of th…
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