Notes in Fund Anat Physio Bio Med Phys

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Published	08/26/2024	Test Card Front
Published	08/26/2024	Test Card Front 2
Published	08/26/2024	Test {{c1::Close}} 1
Published	08/26/2024	Test {{c1::Close}} 2
Published	08/28/2024	2
Published	08/26/2024	Basic Test Again Media
Published	08/27/2024	What defines life? (5)
Published	08/27/2024	Common attributes for life include {{c1::genetic information}} stored on specific {{c2::nucleic acids}}
Published	08/27/2024	Common attributes for life include {{c1::functional macro-molecules}} made of specific {{c2::amino acids}}
Published	08/27/2024	Common attributes for life include {{c1::compartments}} created by {{c2::bi-lipid membranes}}
Published	08/27/2024	Common attributes for life include {{c1::structural}} and {{c2::energy storing}} {{c3::carbohydrates}}
Published	08/27/2024	Common attributes for life include {{c1::water}} as a {{c2::solvant}} with ranges of {{c3::pH, osmolarity, and temperature}}
Published	08/27/2024	Atoms are basic building blocks of matter made up of {{c1::protons, neutrons, and electrons}}
Published	08/27/2024	Bohr Model
Published	08/27/2024	Quantum number n
Published	08/27/2024	Quantum number l
Published	08/27/2024	Quantum number ml
Published	08/27/2024	Each orbital can be occupied by {{c1::two}} electrons of {{c2::different spins}}
Published	08/27/2024	Alternative orbit names based on early spectroscopy
Published	08/27/2024	Filling the {{c1::s and p}} orbitals results in {{c2::remarkably stable atoms}}
Published	08/27/2024	{{c1::8 electrons}} compose an atoms {{c2::“outer shell”}} that governs most chemistry
Published	08/27/2024	Only about {{c1::30 of the more than 90 naturally occurring chemical elements}} are essential to organisms
Published	08/27/2024	Which four elements have outsized importance for life?
Published	08/27/2024	Which ten elements are found in bulk in life?
Published	08/27/2024	Covalent Interaction Strength
Published	08/27/2024	Ionic Interaction Strength
Published	08/27/2024	Hydrogen Bond Interaction Strength
Published	08/27/2024	Van der Wals Interaction Strength
Published	08/27/2024	Covalent Bond
Published	08/27/2024	In covalent bonds, generally one atom has {{c1::a mostly empty valence shell}} , the other has {{c1::a mostly full}}
Published	08/27/2024	Covalent bond details: angle
Published	08/27/2024	Covalent bond details: strength
Published	08/27/2024	Covalent bond details: polarity
Published	08/27/2024	Covalent bond distace is determined balancing of the {{c1::repulsive force from the nuclei and electron cloud}} and the {{c2::stabilizing fo…
Published	08/27/2024	Chiral molecules
Published	08/27/2024	Enantiomers
Published	08/27/2024	Diastereomers
Published	08/27/2024	{{c1::Achiral molecules}} have a {{c2::singular structure}}
Published	08/27/2024	Most biochemical compounds produced by organism are {{c1::a single stereoisomer}}
Published	08/27/2024	Given a chiral molecule, the rotated molecule {{c1::cannot be superimposed on its mirror image}}
Published	08/27/2024	Given an achiral molecule, the rotated molecule {{c1::can be superimposed on its mirror image}}
Published	08/27/2024	The{{c1:: charge of the nuclei}} will determine {{c2::relative attraction of the shared electron}}
Published	08/27/2024	An {{c1::ionic bond}} forms when an electron is {{c2::given/taken completely}}
Published	08/27/2024	The strength of an {{c1::ionic interactions}} is greatly reduced by {{c2::the polar solvant water}}
Published	08/27/2024	Because basically all biochemistry takes place in {{c1::aqueous solutions}} ionic interactions are considered {{c2::weak}}
Published	08/27/2024	While the atomic charges repel each other, there is also an attraction caused by {{c1::randomly induced dipoles}} where these two forces balance.…
Published	08/27/2024	Because water is {{c1::polar}}, water molecules can form {{c1::linkages know as hydrogen bonds}}
Published	08/27/2024	Hydrogen bonds are strongest when {{c1::not angled}}
Published	08/27/2024	Polarity of water is caused by {{c1::electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen}}
Published	08/27/2024	The hydrogen bonds in water result in what unique behaviors? (5)
Published	08/27/2024	Hydrogen bonds can {{c1::stabilize}} many polar compounds resulting in {{c1::high solubility}}
Published	08/27/2024	Water can also dissolve {{c1::ionic compounds}} by {{c1::hydrating their ions}}
Published	08/27/2024	Nonpolar compounds {{c1::disrupt hydrogen bonds}}, leading to {{c1::energy inefficient arrangements}} of water around the solute
Published	08/27/2024	Amphipathic compounds
Published	08/27/2024	Hydrophobic {{c1::repulsion}} can cause amphipathic compounds to {{c1::cluster forming stable structures}}
Published	08/27/2024	Micelles
Published	08/27/2024	Solutes can affect what traits of the solvant? (4)
Published	08/27/2024	Osmosis
Published	08/27/2024	Osmotic pressure
Published	08/27/2024	Reason saline is used in IV instead of water
Published	08/27/2024	{{c1::Osmotic Pressure}} used by plants to maintain rigidity
Published	08/27/2024	[$]K_{eq}[/$]
Published	08/27/2024	Keq for water at room temperature
Published	08/27/2024	Kw for water at room temperature
Published	08/27/2024	What are the units for Keq and Kw?
Published	08/27/2024	pH of pure water
Published	08/27/2024	The pH scale is {{c1::logarithmic}}, meaning 1 pH unit is a {{c1::10-fold}} change in [H+]
Published	08/27/2024	{{c1::Strong acids/bases}} are compounds that {{c2::fully ionize in aqueous solutions}}
Published	08/27/2024	When pH is {{c1::high}}, the solution is increasingly {{c2::basic}}
Published	08/27/2024	When pH is {{c1::low}}, the solution is increasingly {{c2::acidic}}
Published	08/27/2024	Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Published	08/27/2024	Dissociation Contsant Ka
Published	08/27/2024	Empirically, at what point will pKa equal pH?
Published	08/27/2024	A strong acid will have {{c1::lower pKa}}
Published	08/27/2024	What element is the basis of organic chemistry?
Published	08/27/2024	How many stable bonds can carbon form?
Published	08/27/2024	{{c1::94%}} of a cell’s dry weight is from compounds derived from {{c2::4 monomers}}
Published	08/27/2024	Finish each line:Carbohydrates -> {{c1::Polysaccharides}}Fatty acids -> {{c1::Lipids and membranes}}Nucleotides -> {{c1::DNA a…
Published	08/27/2024	Sugars have a {{c1::carbonyl end}}
Published	08/27/2024	Monosaccharides tend to {{c1::form rings}} and can {{c1:: link in 2 formations}}
Published	08/27/2024	Disaccharides
Published	08/27/2024	Polysaccharide variability is based on: (3)
Published	08/27/2024	Monosaccarides
Published	08/27/2024	Fatty Acid
Published	08/27/2024	Fatty acids are typically composed of {{c1::even numbered chains}}
Published	08/27/2024	Fatty acids with no double bonds are {{c1::saturated}}
Published	08/27/2024	More saturation leads to {{c1::more stable packing}} and {{c1::higher melting point}}
Published	08/27/2024	Carboxyl Group
Published	08/27/2024	Triacylglycerols
Published	08/27/2024	Glycerol is a common bonding point for {{c1::energy storage lipids}}
Published	08/27/2024	Lipids are the structural component of {{c1::biological membranes}}
Published	08/27/2024	Glycerophospholipids
Published	08/27/2024	Nucleotide characteristic components (3)
Published	08/27/2024	Which two nucleotides are Purines?
Published	08/27/2024	Which three nucleotides are Pyrimidines?
Published	08/27/2024	Phosphodiester linkage
Published	08/27/2024	Pyrmidines and purines cyclic structure results in {{c1::having planar or nearly planar conformation}} and {{c1:: hydrophobia}}
Published	08/27/2024	The bases tend to stack like coins in a solution, resulting in: (2)
Published	08/27/2024	Matching base pairs:
Published	08/27/2024	DNA forms a double helix of two {{c1::anti-parallel strands of nucleotides}}
Published	08/27/2024	RNA is single stranded and can {{c1::form complex structures}}
Published	08/27/2024	Amino acid generalized structure (4)
Published	08/27/2024	There are {{c1::20 different side chains}} used in living systems
Published	08/27/2024	Alpha carbon is a {{c1::chiral center}}
Published	08/27/2024	Amino acids are exclusively {{c1::L stereoisomers}}
Published	08/27/2024	Amino acids act as {{c1::both acids and bases}} which yields a {{c1::double-inflection titration curve}}
Published	08/27/2024	Amino Acids can link together to form {{c1::polymers and peptides}}
Published	08/27/2024	The peptide bond in proteins is {{c1::planar}}, but can {{c1::rotate around the alpha carbon}}
Published	08/27/2024	Weak interactions among {{c1::amino and carboxylic groups}} lead to {{c1::stable confirmation}}
Published	08/27/2024	Tertiary Structure
Published	08/27/2024	A Fibrous tertiary structure is {{c1::Structural}}
Published	08/27/2024	A Globular tertiary structure is {{c1::functional}}
Published	08/27/2024	Quaternary Structure
Published	08/27/2024	Proteins must {{c1::fold }} into their {{c1::most stable configuration}}
Published	08/27/2024	Cell
Published	08/27/2024	{{c1::Membranes}} separate the cellular microenvironmentProkaryotes - {{c1::No membrane encapsulated organelles or nucleus}}Eukaryotes - {{c…
Published	08/27/2024	Cells are in a {{c1::steady state (not equilibrium)}} with their environment
Published	08/27/2024	Randomness of system and surroundings {{c1::increases}} as potential energy of complex nutrient molecules {{c1::decreases}} during metabolic energy tr…
Published	08/27/2024	{{c1::60% }} of the body is made of water{{c1::~2/3 intracellular water}} versus {{c1::1/3 extracellular fluid}}
Published	08/27/2024	Amphipathic
Published	08/27/2024	The Eukaryotic cell {{c1::divides internal space}} into {{c1::discrete compartments}}
Published	08/27/2024	The amphipathic phospholipid bilayer facilitates {{c1::self-assembly}}
Published	08/27/2024	Fatty acid tails are {{c1::hydrophobic}}Phosphate group heads are {{c1::hydrophilic}}
Published	08/27/2024	Micelles
Published	08/27/2024	Open Bilayer
Published	08/27/2024	Liposome
Published	08/27/2024	Membrane bilayer thickness
Published	08/27/2024	Fatty acid chains in membrane interior form {{c1::fluid, hydrophobic region}}
Published	08/27/2024	Fatty acid composition impacts {{c1::membrane fluidity and elasticity}}
Published	08/27/2024	Cholesterol in membrane (3)
Published	08/27/2024	Membrane carbohydrates play a key role in {{c1::cell-cell recognition}}
Published	08/27/2024	Primary membrane protein catagories (3)
Published	08/27/2024	Integral membrane proteins account for up to {{c1::50% of drugable targets}}
Published	08/27/2024	Integral membrane proteins are {{c1::mobile}} but {{c1::not easily extracted}}
Published	08/27/2024	Non-transmembrane integral membrane proteins are {{c1::oriented to intracellular/extracellular side only}}
Published	08/27/2024	Transmembrane integral membrane proteins {{c1::span the thickness of the membrane}}
Published	08/27/2024	Some integral membrane proteins function as {{c1::cell-cell and cell-matrix anchors}}
Published	08/27/2024	Calcium is {{c1::essential for cell-cell binding}}
Published	08/27/2024	Integrins
Published	08/27/2024	Lipid-anchored membrane proteins are {{c1::bound covalently to one or more lipid molecules}}
Published	08/27/2024	In a lipid-anchored membrane protein, the {{c1::hydrophobic carbon chain}} of the attached lipid is embedded in {{c1::one leafelet of the me…
Published	08/27/2024	In a lipid-anchored membrane protein, the {{c1::polypeptide chain}} itself does not enter {{c1::the phospholipid bilayer}}
Published	08/27/2024	Peripheral proteins are {{c1::mostly on the intracellular side}} and {{c1::often involved with the cytoskeleton}}
Published	08/27/2024	Peripheral proteins are {{c1::applied}} to membrane surface
Published	08/27/2024	Cytoplasm
Published	08/27/2024	Archaic understanding of cytoplasm
Published	08/27/2024	Current understanding of cytoplasm
Published	10/18/2024	Ions (i.e. {{c1::calcium, sodium, potassium::3}}) found in cytoplasm engages in {{c1::initiating and terminating cellular functions}}
Published	08/27/2024	Cytoplasm is a {{c1::heterogenous semifluid}}
Published	08/27/2024	Membrane bound organelles are characterized by having at least {{c1::one layer of phospholipid}} separating {{c1::organelle contents from th…
Published	08/27/2024	The mitochondria is the {{c1::powerhouse of the cell}}
Published	08/27/2024	The mitochondria is typically {{c1::less than 1 µm in any orientation}}
Published	08/27/2024	Mitochondria outer membrane is {{c1::a smooth ball/bean-shaped structure}}
Published	08/27/2024	The mitochondria inner membrane is{{c1:: highly folded}} and {{c1::produces energy for the cell}}
Published	08/27/2024	ATP synethesis in animals
Published	08/27/2024	ATP Synthesis in plants
Published	08/27/2024	Phagocytosis
Published	08/27/2024	Pinocytotis
Published	08/27/2024	Endocytosis
Published	08/27/2024	Exocytosis
Published	08/27/2024	In exocytosis the membrane around the material to be excrete can {{c1::fuse with the intact cell membrane}}, and the fusing process {{c1::release…
Published	08/27/2024	Ectosomes
Published	08/27/2024	Exosomes
Published	08/27/2024	Lysosomes
Published	08/27/2024	Lysosomes are {{c1::fused with the endosome}}
Published	08/27/2024	Lytic enzymes {{c1::break down contents of endocytosed vesicle}}, and resulting components made available for {{c1::use in the cell or for excret…
Published	08/27/2024	Lysosomal enzymes work best at {{c1::pH 5}}
Published	08/27/2024	How do lysosomes create custom pH values?
Published	08/27/2024	Enzymes are {{c1::very sensitive to pH}} because {{c1::enzymes are proteins}} and {{c1::pH affects their structures}}
Published	08/27/2024	Lysosomes can be used to {{c1::kill cells}} when they are {{c1::supposed to be destroyed}}
Published	08/27/2024	Apoptosis
Published	08/27/2024	Autophagy
Published	08/27/2024	Endoplasmic Reticulum
Published	08/27/2024	Endoplasmic Reticulum has {{c1::two}} morphologies: {{c1::Rough and Smooth}}
Published	08/27/2024	Ribosomes produce {{c1::proteins}} from {{c2::mRNA}}
Published	08/27/2024	The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum {{c1::bumpy appearance}} as seen using ultramicroscopy is due to {{c1::ribosomes}}
Published	08/27/2024	In cells with a lot of {{c1::protein synthesis}}, RER is abundant and can be seen as {{c1::a dark area in the cytoplasm via light microscopy…
Published	08/27/2024	Because of its own lipid nature, SER appears as {{c1::void in a stained cell cytoplasm}}
Published	08/27/2024	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Published	08/27/2024	Processes occuring in the SER
Published	08/27/2024	In the example of {{c1::steroid hormones}}, lipid often {{c1::bound to protein for transport}} in {{c1::aqueous blood environment (lipoprote…
Published	08/27/2024	Golgi Apparatus
Published	08/27/2024	Transport vesicles fuse with the {{c1::cis face of Golgi apparatus}} and empty content into {{c1::Golgi lumen (trans face)}}
Published	08/27/2024	Golgi apparatus secretory products have many fates (4)
Published	08/27/2024	Glycosylation
Published	08/27/2024	Glycoproteins
Published	08/27/2024	Ribosomes
Published	08/27/2024	There are {{c1::two}} ribosomal subunits that come together to form {{c1::chains of amino acids into peptide}} and then {{c1::often int…
Published	08/27/2024	Bound ribosomes are {{c1::attached to the endoplasmic reticulum}}
Published	08/27/2024	Free ribosomes are {{c1::scattered in cytoplasm}} or {{c1::in small clusters}}
Published	08/27/2024	Primary components of the cytoplasm (3)
Published	08/27/2024	Cells contain matrix of {{c1::tubules and filaments}}
Published	08/27/2024	Microfilaments
Published	08/27/2024	Microfilaments are sometimes called {{c1::actin filaments}} because {{c1::they are composed of protein actin}}
Published	08/27/2024	Cell extensions filled with {{c1::a network of cross-linked actin filaments}} are called {{c1::microvilli}}
Published	08/27/2024	Intermediate filaments are {{c1::stable/durable}} and {{c1::prominent in cells that withstand mechanical stress}}
Published	08/27/2024	Intermediate filaments are {{c1::between the size of microfilaments and microtubules}}
Published	08/27/2024	Microtubules are dynamic structures composed of {{c1::repeating protein subunits called tubulin}}
Published	08/27/2024	A substance attached to microtubule can be {{c1::"moved" through the cytoplasm}}
Published	08/27/2024	Motor Proteins
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