Notes in 16DigestiveTract

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Published	07/30/2024	34b85054508f4b9590d4c12460ae36dd-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	34b85054508f4b9590d4c12460ae36dd-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	34b85054508f4b9590d4c12460ae36dd-ao-3
Published	07/30/2024	34b85054508f4b9590d4c12460ae36dd-ao-4
Published	07/30/2024	34b85054508f4b9590d4c12460ae36dd-ao-5
Published	07/30/2024	34b85054508f4b9590d4c12460ae36dd-ao-6
Published	07/30/2024	34b85054508f4b9590d4c12460ae36dd-ao-7
Published	07/30/2024	34b85054508f4b9590d4c12460ae36dd-ao-8
Published	07/30/2024	34b85054508f4b9590d4c12460ae36dd-ao-9
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::alimentary canal}} is the muscular digestive tube that winds through the body, extending from the mouth to the anus.
Published	07/30/2024	In a cadaver, the alimentary canal is about {{c1::9 m (30 feet)::length}} long
Published	07/30/2024	The largest division of the ventral body cavity{{c1::Abdominopelvic cavity}}
Published	07/30/2024	How is the 9 regions of the abdomen divided (landmarks)?Right vertical division - {{c1::right midclavicular line → right mid-inguinal line}}Left verti…
Published	07/30/2024	How is the 9 regions of the abdomen divided (landmarks)?Upper horizontal division - {{c1::subcostal plane (10th costal rib)}}Lower horizontal division…
Published	07/30/2024	Normal bowel soundsPitch - {{c1::high-pitched}}Frequency - {{c1::every 5–15 s}}
Published	07/30/2024	The digestive organs in the abdominopelvic cavity all develop surrounded by the {{c1::peritoneum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Peritoneum is composed of the{{c1::1. Visceral peritoneum2. Parietal peritoneum3. Peritoneal cavity}}
Published	07/30/2024	Inflammation and infection of the peritoneum is called {{c1::peritonitis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common cause of peritonitis{{c1::Ruptured appendix}}
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::mesentery}} is contiguous, double-layered fold of {{c2::visceral peritoneum}} that contains {{c3::intestinal vessels, lymphatics, and nerves}}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Ventral mesenteries:::mesentery}}{{c1::1. Falciform ligament2. Lesser omentum}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Falciform ligament::peritoneal ligament}} runs from to:{{c2::1. Anterior aspect of the liver →2. Anterior abdominal wall & diaphragm}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lesser omentum::mesentery}} runs from to:{{c2::1. Liver →2. Lesser curvature of stomach & 1st duodenum}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Greater omentum::mesentery}} runs from to:{{c2::1. Posterior abdominal wall (Transverse colon) →2. Greater curvature of stomach}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mesentery::mesentery}} runs from to:{{c2::1. Posterior abdominal wall →2. Jejunum & ileum}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transverse mesocolon::mesentery}} runs from to:{{c2::1. Posterior abdominal wall→2. Transverse colon}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sigmoid mesocolon::mesentery}} runs from to:{{c2::1. Posterior abdominal wall →2. Sigmoid colon}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::transverse mesocolon}} is fused with the underside of the {{c1::greater omentum}} so that it can only be viewed inferiorly
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dorsal mesenteries:::mesentery}}{{c2::1. Greater omentum2. Mesentery3. Mesoappendix3. Transverse mesocolon4. Sigmoid mesocolon}}
Published	07/30/2024	A tremendously elongated mesentery that covers the transverse colon and small intestines anteriorly{{c1::Greater omentum (omental apron)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Extensions of the {{c2::greater omentum}}{{c1::1. Gastrosplenic ligament → 2. Splenorenal ligament3. Gastrophrenic ligament4. Gastrocolic ligament}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Secondarily retroperitoneal}} organs are organs that are initially formed within the peritoneum but are located behind the peritoneum once they …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intraperitoneal}} organs are organs that are initially formed within the peritoneum and remain there
Published	07/30/2024	Secondarily retroperitoneal organs:{{c1::1. Pancreas2. Duodenum3. Ascending colon4. Descending colon5. Rectum}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gastrocolic ligament::peritoneal ligament}} runs from to:1. greater curvature of the stomach2. transverse colon
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lamina propria::layer}} contains most of the MALT in the gut
Published	07/30/2024	The connective tissue comprising the submucosa is{{c1::"Moderately dense" connective tissue}}
Published	07/30/2024	Layer of the gut wall that provides elasticity{{c1::submucosa}}
Published	07/30/2024	Contractions of the muscularis externa{{c1::Circular layer::layer}} - {{c2::constriction::contraction leads to}}
Published	07/30/2024	Contractions of the muscularis externa{{c1::Longitudinal layer::layer}} - {{c2::dilation::contraction leads to}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which layer of the muscularis externa thickens to form GI tract sphincters{{c1::Circular layer}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::serosa}} is the {{c2::visceral peritoneum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Parts of the alimentary canal that are not associated with the peritoneal cavity lack a serosa and instead, have an {{c1::adventitia}}
Published	07/30/2024	T/FSecondarily retroperitoneal organs have BOTH a serosa and an adventitia{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::endomysium}} is the layer of connective tissue surrounding {{c2::individual muscle fibers}}
Published	07/30/2024	Presynaptic terminals to smooth muscle fiibers are called{{c1::Varicosities}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which sublayer of the mucosa forms the instrinsic glands that produce digestive secretions?{{c1::Epithelium}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anterior opening of the mouth{{c1::Oral orifice}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::oropharyngeal isthmus}} is the posterior opening of the oral cavity leading to the oropharynx
Published	07/30/2024	Divisions of the oral cavity{{c1::1. Oral vestibule2. Oral cavity proper}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::oral vestibule}} is the slit between the teeth and the cheeks (or lips)
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::oral cavity proper}} is the region of the mouth that lies internal to the teeth
Published	07/30/2024	Layers of the wall of the oral cavity{{c1::1. Mucosa (no muscularis mucosa)2. Submucosa3. Muscle/Bone}}
Published	07/30/2024	Forms the bulk of cheeks{{c1::Buccinator muscles}}
Published	07/30/2024	Forms the bulk of lips{{c1::Orbicularis oris muscle}}
Published	07/30/2024	The zone in the lips where the highly keratinized skin meets the oral mucosa{{c1::Transition part}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::labial frenulum}} is a median fold that connects the internal aspect of each lip to the gum
Published	07/30/2024	The soft palate is laterally anchored to the {{c1::tongue}} by the {{c2::palatogossal arches}}
Published	07/30/2024	The soft palate is laterally anchored to the {{c1::wall of oropharynx}} by the {{c2::palatopharyngeal arches}}
Published	07/30/2024	What forms the boundaries of the {{c2::oropharyngeal isthmus}}{{c1::1. Palatoglossal arches2. Palatopharyngeal arches}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intrinsic tongue muscles}} change the shape of the tongue
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Extrinsic}} tongue muscles change the position of the tongue
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lingual frenulum}} is a fold of mucosa on the undersurface of the tongue that secures it to the floor of the mouth
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ankyloglossia}} is a condition of unusually short, thick or tight lingual frenulum
Published	07/30/2024	Smallest and most numerous papilla{{c1::Filiform papilla}}
Published	07/30/2024	It gives the tongue its whitish appearance{{c1::Filiform papillae}}
Published	07/30/2024	The keratinized papilla with no taste buds{{c1::Filiform papilla}}
Published	07/30/2024	About how many vallate papillae are there in the human tongue?{{c1::10–12}}
Published	07/30/2024	The row of vallate papillae lies directly anterior to a groove called the{{c1::terminal sulcus}}
Published	07/30/2024	The posterior third of the tongue lies within the {{c1::oropharynx::cavity}}
Published	07/30/2024	The posterior third of the tongue is lined with {{c1::the lingual tonsil}}
Published	07/30/2024	Swallowing{{c1::Suprahyoid muscles::muscles}} lift the larynx superiorly and anteriorly to to cover it with the epiglottis
Published	07/30/2024	Swallowing{{c1::Infrahyoid muscles}} pull the hyoid bone and larynx inferiorly returning them to their original position
Published	07/30/2024	Swallowing{{c1::Pharyngeal constrictor muscles (3)}} encircle the pharynx and constrict to propel bolus down the esophagus
Published	07/30/2024	The esophaugs enters the abdomen as it passes through the {{c1::esophaegeal hiatus in the diaphragm}}
Published	07/30/2024	The esophagus joins the stomach at the {{c1::cardiac orifice}}
Published	07/30/2024	The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are thrown into longitidunal folds {{c1::at rest::when}} but flattens out during {{c1::esophageal swallowing…
Published	07/30/2024	The most external layer of the esophagus{{c1::adventitia}}
Published	07/30/2024	adventitia is histologically a {{c1::fibrous connective tissue}}
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::hiatal hernia}} is when your stomach bulges up into your chest through an opening in your diaphragm
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Barrett's esophagus}} occurs when  normal tissue lining the esophagus becomes abnormal and precancerous (resembles that of the in…
Published	07/30/2024	The widest part of the alimentary canal{{c1::Stomach}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aspirin is absorbed in the {{c1::stomach}}
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::short, stout}} people the stomach tends to{{c2::1. Lie high and2. Run horizontally}}
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::tall, stout}} people the stomach tends to{{c2::1. Low2. Elongated}}
Published	07/30/2024	Main regions of the stomach{{c1::1. Cardia2. Fundus3. Body5. Pyloroantral region (pyloric antrum + pyloric canal)6. Pylorus (termination)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::pyloric antrum}} and {{c1::pyloric canal}} make up the {{c2::pyloroantral region}} of the stomach
Published	07/30/2024	The terminus of the stomach{{c1::Pylorus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Convex left surface of the stomach{{c1::Greater curvature}}
Published	07/30/2024	Concave right surface of the stomach{{c1::Lesser curvature}}
Published	07/30/2024	Maximum capacity of the stomach{{c1::4 L::volume}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rugae}} are numerous {{c2::longitudinal::orientation}} folds of the stomach mucosa
Published	07/30/2024	The rugae {{c1::flattens}} {{c2::as the stomach fills::when}}
Published	07/30/2024	Give the origins of the following arteries:Left gastric artery - {{c1::celiac trunk}}Right gastric artery - {{c1::hepatic artery proper (less commonly…
Published	07/30/2024	The surface of the stomach mucosa is dotted with of {{c1::gastric pits}}, which open into tubular {{c1::gastric glands}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cells of the glands of the stomach in the pyloric* and cardiac part are primarly {{c1::mucus cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cells comprising gastric glands{{c1::1. Foveolar cells (mucus neck cells)2. Parietal cells (/oxyntic)3. Enterochromaffin-like cells3. Chief cells (/pe…
Published	07/30/2024	T/FMucous from the mucuos neck cells are DIFFERENT from mucous surface cells{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Parietal cells}} are cells of gastric glands that have three thick prongs covered by many long microvili
Published	07/30/2024	The cells in the gastric gland are arranged how (main occurence of cells)Upper - {{c1::mucous neck cells}}Middle - {{c1::parietal cells}}Lower - {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Most enteroendocrine cells that produce gastrin are in the stomach’s {{c1::pyloric region::region}}
Published	07/30/2024	Undifferentiated stem cells are located throughout the stomach, at the {{c1::junction of the gastric glands and gastric pits.}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is the typical life span for a (1) gastric and (2) intestinal epithelial cell?Gastric - {{c1::3–7 days::time}}Intestinal - {{c1::3–6 days::time}}
Published	07/30/2024	Layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach from deepest to most superficial{{c1::1. Oblique layer2. Circular layer3. Longitudinal layer}}
Published	07/30/2024	GI tract organ with 3 muscular layers in its muscularis externa{{c1::stomach}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscular layers of the stomach responsible for churning{{c1::1. Circular2. Longitudinal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscular layers of the stomach responsible for propulsion (stomach emptying){{c1::Oblique}}
Published	07/30/2024	What accounts for the longer GI tract in cadavers as compared to living people?{{c1::Loss of muscle tone}}
Published	07/30/2024	Subdivision of the small intestine that comprises 5% of it{{c1::Duodenum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Subdivision of the small intestine that comprises 40% of it{{c1::Jejunum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Subdivision of the small intestine that comprises 60% of it{{c1::Ileum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Longest portion of the small intestine{{c1::Ileum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which portion of the small intestine is mostly secondarily retroperitoneal{{c1::majority of the duoednum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Small intestines within the peritoneum{{c1::LUQ::quadrant}} - {{c2::jejunum}}{{c1::RLQ::quadrant}} - {{c2::ileum}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hepatopancreatic ampulla}} is the junction between the {{c2::main pancreatic duct}} and {{c2::common bile duct}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::hepatopancreatic ampulla}} opens into the duodenum via a mound called {{c2::major duodenal papilla *}}
Published	07/30/2024	T/FIntestinal villi are too small to be seen by the naked eye{{c1::F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Intestinal villi are lined primarily of absorptive cells called {{c1::enterocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	VillusBreakdown products → absorbed whereCarbohydrates → {{c1::capillary}}Proteins → {{c1::capillary}}Fats → {{c1::lacteal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Fat-soluble toxins are more dangerous because{{c1::They bypass the liver. no detoxification}}
Published	07/30/2024	T/FIntestinal villi are motile{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brush border enzymes of the intestines are contained where{{c1::Microvilli of enterocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	What secretes intestinal juice?{{c1::epithelial cells in Crypts of Lierberkhun}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cells lining the {{c1::intestinal crypts}}{{c2::1. Enteroendocrine cells2. Undifferentiated epithelial cells3. Mature Paneth cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cell in the intestine that destroy certain bacteria by releasing enzymes{{c1::Paneth cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Peyer's patches are located in the {{c1::submucosa::layer}} of the ileum
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Brunner's glands}} secrete {{c1::bicarbonate-rich mucus}} in the duodenum
Published	07/30/2024	Subdivisions of the large intestine{{c1::1. Cecum2. Appendix3. Colon (a,t,d,s)4. Rectum5. Anal Canal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Three special features of the large intestine along its length:{{c1::1. Teniae coli2. Haustra3. Epiploic appendages}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Teniae coli}} are three strips of the {{c2::longitudinal muscle layer::muscle}} around the circumference of the {{c3::cecum and colon}}
Published	07/30/2024	The tone exerted by the {{c1::teniae coli}} results in sacs called haustra
Published	07/30/2024	Three teniae coli{{c1::1. Mesocolic tenia coli2. Omental tenia coli3. Free tenia coli}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epiploic appendages}} are aka {{c2::omental appendices}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epiploic appendages}} are are fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that hang from the intestine
Published	07/30/2024	The cecum lies in the {{c1::right iliac fossa}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which portion of the appendix varies in location{{c1::tip}}
Published	07/30/2024	Damage (infection, hemorrhage) to peritoneal organs would spread to the{{c1::peritoneum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Portions of the colon{{c1::1. Ascending colon2. Transverse colon3. Descending colon4. Sigmoid colon}}
Published	07/30/2024	Portions of the large intestine that are secondarily retroperitoneal{{c1::1. Ascending colon2. Descending colon3. Rectum (upper 2/3)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Large intestine - peritoneal/secondarily peritonealAscending colon - {{c1::secondarily retroperitoneal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Large intestine - [peritoneal/secondarily peritoneal]Transverse colon - {{c1::intraperitoneal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Large intestine - _____peritonealDescending colon - {{c1::2° retroperitoneal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Large intestine - peritoneal/secondarily peritonealSigmoid colon - {{c1::intraperitoneal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tight bends of the rectum which prevent feces from being passed along with flatus{{c1::Rectal valves}}
Published	07/30/2024	Rectal valves{{c1::1. Superior rectal valve2. Middle rectal valve3. Inferior rectal valve}}
Published	07/30/2024	Junction of the sigmoid and rectum{{c1::Rectosigmoid junction}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::anal canal}} begins where the rectum passes through the {{c1::puborectalis muscle (of levator ani)}}
Published	07/30/2024	T/FThe anal canal lies ENTIRELY external to the abdominopelvic cavity in the perineum{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anal columnns}} are longitudinal mucosal folds in the {{c2::superior}} half of the anal canal that contain the terminal portions of the hemorrho…
Published	07/30/2024	Neighboring anal columns are distally connected by cresent-shaped transverse folds called {{c1::anal valves}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pockest between anal columns located just superior to the anal valves{{c1::Anal sinuses (anal crypts)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anal sinuses}} secrete mucus in the anal canal when they are compressed by feces
Published	07/30/2024	Horizontal line which the anal valves lie is called the {{c1::pectinate line}}
Published	07/30/2024	Border in the anal canal that demarcates which portion is innervated by sensory visceral and sensory somatic neurons{{c1::Pectinate line}}
Published	07/30/2024	How does the anal mucosa above the pectinate line respond to pain?{{c1::Relatively insensitive to pain}}
Published	07/30/2024	What makes a portion of the colon susceptible to diverticula?{{c1::1. great intravacular pressure2. perforation of blood vessels}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diverticula}} are small, bulging pouches that can form in the lining of your digestive system (colon)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diverticulosis}} is a condition when pockets called {{c2::diverticula}} form in the GI tract (colon)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diverticulitis}} is the infection or inflammation of pouches that can form in the intestines
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Internal}} hemmorhoids occur {{c2::above}} the pectinate line
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::External}} hemorrhoids occur {{c2::below}} the pectinate line
Published	07/30/2024	Which hemorrhoids are itchier and more painful{{c1::External hemorrhoids}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which hemorrhoids tend to bleed{{c1::Internal hemorrhoids}}
Published	07/30/2024	The epithelium of the stomach, small intestine and colon are what type{{c1::simple columnar epithelium}}
Published	07/30/2024	Abosrptive cells of the large intestine are called{{c1::colonocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Goblet cells are more abundant in the {{c1::large::small/large intestine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Organ in the GI tract with the most lymphoid tissue{{c1::Large intestine}}
Published	07/30/2024	At the extreme inferior end of the anal canal, the mucosa {{c1::merges with the true skin}} that surrounds the anus.
Published	07/30/2024	The stomach is found in what regions of the abdomen (9 regions){{c1::1. Left hypochondriac2. Epigastric3. Umbillical}}
Published	07/30/2024	Oral cavity proper is bounded...Anteriorly - {{c1::teeth}}Posteriorly - {{c1::palatine arches}}Superiorly - {{c1::hard palate}}Inferiorly - {{c1::tong…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chylomicrons}} are lipoproteins formed in the intestinal epithelium to carry lipids and cholesterol from the small intestine
Published	07/30/2024	Cells comprising pyloric glands{{c1::1. Mucous neck cells2. Enteroendocrine cells (e.g. D cells, G cells)3. Chief cells (very few)4. Undifferentiated …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Major duodenal papilla}} is the the common opening of the {{c1::major pancreatic duct}} and {{c1::common bile duct}}
Published	07/30/2024	The major duodenal papilla and minor duodenal papilla are located in the {{c1::second portion}} of the duodenum
Published	07/30/2024	The esophagus perforates the diaphragm at what vertebral level?{{c1::TV10}}
Published	07/30/2024	The non keratinzing stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus transitions into simple columnar at the {{c1::gastroesphageal junction (cardiac or…
Published	07/30/2024	Level relative to the vertebraSubocstal plane - {{c1::L3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Level relative to the vertebraTranstubercular plane - {{c1::L5}}
Published	07/30/2024	What divides the tongue into the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3?{{c1::Sulcus terminalis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Portions of the duodenumFirst - {{c1::duodenal cap}}Second - {{c1::descendens}}Third - {{c1::transversalis}}Fourth - {{c1::ascendens}}
Published	07/30/2024	Area of the colon most susceptible to diverticula{{c1::sigmoid colon}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::False}} diverticula is group of outpouchings of the intestinal wall covered by {{c2::layer of mucosa and submucosa only}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::True}} diverticula is an outpouching of a hollow viscus that contains all of the layers of the wall of the viscus
Published	07/30/2024	Pharyngeal constrictor muscles are innervated by what nerve/s?{{c1::Vagus nerves}}
Published	07/30/2024	The falciform ligaments extends to the anterior abdominal wall as low as the {{c1::umbilicus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which ligament of the lesser omentum is thicker{{c1::Hepatoduodenal ligament}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mesoappendix::mesentery}} runs from to:{{c2::1. Posterior abdominal wall →2. Appendix}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::oropharyngeal isthmus}} is aka the {{c2::fauces}}
Published	07/30/2024	Innervation of the tongueGeneral sensory, anterior 2/3 - {{c1::lingual nerve (CNV3)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Innervation of the tongueGeneral sensory, posterior 1/3 - {{c1::CN IX}}
Published	07/30/2024	Innervation of the tongueGustation, posterior 1/3 - {{c1::CN IX}}
Published	07/30/2024	Innervation of the tongueGustation, anterior 2/3 - {{c1::chorda tympani (CN VII)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Marginal artery of Drummond}} is an anastomotic network between the terminal branches of the {{c2::superior mesenteric artery}} and {{c2::inferi…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::1st::ordinal n.}} constriction of the esophagus occurs where it compressed by the {{c1::cricopharyngeus}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::3rd::ordinal n.}} constriction of the esophagus occurs where it compressed by the {{c1::diaphragm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Vertebral levelFirst constriction of the esophagus - {{c1::C6}}
Published	07/30/2024	Vertebral levelSecond constriction of the esophagus - {{c1::T5}}
Published	07/30/2024	Vertebral levelThird constriction of the esophagus - {{c1::T10}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cardiac orifice}} is the opening of the esophagus into the stomach
Published	07/30/2024	Blood supply to the esophagusCervical portion - {{c1::inferior thyroid artery::artery}}
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