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Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common congenital renal anomaly? Decribe the anatomy of this anomaly:
Published	12/28/2023	Bilateral renal agenesis causes what pathological sequence? Describe:
Published	12/28/2023	How can you clinically distinguish between dysplastic kidney and polycystic kidney disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two presentations of polycystic kidney disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What should you suspect in a patient with a family history of renal disease and death occuring because of renal disease or brain hemorrhage? What 3 ex…
Published	12/28/2023	If a newborn presents with Potter sequence and portal hypertension, what should you suspect?
Published	12/28/2023	Medullary cystic kidney disease has what mode of inheritence? What does it cause?
Published	12/28/2023	What leads to prerenal azotemia? What leads to postrenal azotemia?
Published	12/28/2023	How do lab values (BUN:Cr, FENa, urine osm) change between early and late-stage postrenal azotemia?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of acute renal failure (intrarenal azotemia)?
Published	12/28/2023	Clinical features of acute tubular necrosis (3)? Urine findings?BUN and Cr?Electrolyte abnormalities?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the common causes of nephrotoxic-acute tubular necrosis (1 physiologic cause, 6 nephrotoxic agents)?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the causes of acute interstital nephritis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the clinical features of acute interstitial nephritis? What may AIN progress to?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 4 common causes of renal papillary necrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What protein imbalances/blood abnormalities can nephrotic syndrome result in (what proteins are lost in urine) (4 substances)?
Published	12/28/2023	Which nephrotic syndrome is associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the key clinical findings of minimal change disease (5)? H&E appearance?EM?Immunofluorescence? How is proteinuria characterized…
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in Hispanics and African Americans?
Published	12/28/2023	What three conditions can FSGS be associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in caucasian adults?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 5 causes of membranous nephropathy?
Published	12/28/2023	3 lab features of membranous nephropathy? H&E?Immunofluoresence?EM?
Published	12/28/2023	What nephrotic syndrome appears with a "tram track" apperance with thick glomerular basement membrane on H&E?
Published	12/28/2023	Where are the deposits in type I and II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis? What underlying disease states is each type associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	In what nephrotic syndrome will you see Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules? Why?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most commonly involved organ in systemic amyloidosis? What is the result?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 6 general principles/characteristics of nephritic syndrome?How much protein?Urine composition (gross)?Symptoms?Urinalysis?Glomeruli on H&…
Published	12/28/2023	4 clinical features of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: Time of presentation?Symptoms?H&E?EM?
Published	12/28/2023	What defines the nephritogenic strains of Streptococcus?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the composition of the crescents in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)? Where are the crescents located?
Published	12/28/2023	What 3 diseases can result in/progress to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the immunofluorescence pattern for Goodpasture syndrome-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the immunofluorescence pattern for wegener's granulomatosis- and microscopic polyangitis-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)…
Published	12/28/2023	What pattern of immunofluorescence would be seen in a case of PSGN-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)?
Published	12/28/2023	How long does it take for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis to progress to renal failure?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Alport syndrome? What are 3 key symptoms?
Published	12/28/2023	What is IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)? How common is it?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common type of renal disease in SLE?
Published	12/28/2023	3 risk factors for developing any kind of urinary tract infection?
Published	12/28/2023	What 3 lab finding are indicative of cystits? Urinalysis:Dipstick:Culture:
Published	12/28/2023	Which part of the kidney makes erythropoietin?
Published	12/28/2023	Where does renal cell carcinoma arise from? What is the classic triad? What syndrome is it associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	5 substances that can be ectopically secreted by renal cell carcinoma, and associated symtpoms:
Published	12/28/2023	Does renal cell carcinoma present with a right or left sided varicocele?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common variant of renal cell carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What gene deletion is associated with renal cell carcinoma? How does this deletion induce tumorigenesis?
Published	12/28/2023	Besides renal cell carcinoma, what other cancer are patients with VHL at risk for developing?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common malignant renal tumor in children?
Published	12/28/2023	What is WAGR syndrome? Denys-Drash syndrome? Beckwith-Widemann syndrome? How are these entities genetically different?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the cell composition of a Wilms tumor?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common type of lower urinary tract cancer?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the major risk factor for Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma? What are 3 other risk factors?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?
Published	12/28/2023	An adenocarcinoma that arises from the urachal remant is present where on the bladder?
Published	12/28/2023	What kidney pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	What kidney pathology does this histology suggest?
Published	12/28/2023	What kidney pathology does this EM slide suggest?
Published	12/28/2023	What do you see in this histology specimen? What is the likely diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Subepithelial humps on EM - diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What does this histology specimen show? Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Histology taken from a kidney tumor. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What urogenital tract malignancy?
Published	12/28/2023	What is azotemia?
Published	12/28/2023	In cases of prerenal azotemia, what do you expect the BUN:Cr ratio to be?
Published	12/28/2023	Does tubular function remain intact in prerenal azotemia? What lab values inform your answer?
Published	12/28/2023	How is acute tubular necrosis treated?
Published	12/28/2023	How long after recovery from acute tubular necrosis can oliguria persist?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 key clinical features of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? H&E?EM?Immunofluorescence?Response to steroids?
Published	12/28/2023	How well does membranous nephropathy respond to steroids?
Published	12/28/2023	How well does membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis respond to steroids?
Published	12/28/2023	What therapeutic can help to slow progression of hyperfiltration-induced damage in diabetic nephropathy?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a sequela of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in an adult?
Published	12/28/2023	How does IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) present?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the common symptoms of cystitis? What symptom is notably absent?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 5 top causes of cystitis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is sterile pyuria and what pathogens does it suggest in the context of urethritis?
Published	12/28/2023	The presence of WBC casts in the urine is indicative of what pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 most common culprits of pyelonephritis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are two contributing factors to chronic pyelonephritis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the classic pattern of damage seen in chronic pyelonephritis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is "thyroidization" of the kidney?
Published	12/28/2023	Most common type of kidney stone?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of calcium oxalate nephrolithasis? How is it treated?
Published	12/28/2023	What two organisms tend to cause ammonium magnesium phosphate nephrolithiasis? Why these two?
Published	12/28/2023	Staghorn calculi can be composed of what two materials?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the treatment for ammonium magnesium phosphate nephrolithiasis?
Published	12/28/2023	What urinary tract stone is radiolucent?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the risk factors for developing uric acid nephrolithiasis (4)?
Published	12/28/2023	How can uric acid nephrolithiasis be treated?
Published	12/28/2023	Cystine nephrolithiasis forms in the context of what disease?
Published	12/28/2023	How can cystine kidney stones be treated (2)?
Published	12/28/2023	In renal failure, 4 substances that should be excreted by the kidney are not. What are the effects?Further, 2 endocrine functions performed by the kid…
Published	12/28/2023	What are the treatment options for end-stage kidney failure?
Published	12/28/2023	What is an angiomyolipoma?
Published	12/28/2023	In whom does renal cell carcinoma sporadically arise? Where? What is the single most important risk factor?
Published	12/28/2023	How is renal cell carcinoma staged?
Published	12/28/2023	How does Wilms tumor typically present (what vital sign is typically elevated)?
Published	12/28/2023	What percentage of Wilms tumor cases arise sporadically?
Published	12/28/2023	In whom does urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma typically present? How does it present?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the two pathways by which urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma can arise:
Published	12/28/2023	What is a "field defect" in the context of urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What urogenital tract malignancy?
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