Notes in NAS V (Neurone structure)

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Published	11/11/2024	A {{c2::synapse}} is a {{c1::specialised junction between neurones}} that enable them to {{c1::communicate with one another}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Synapes connects the axon of a neurone to either {{c2::the dendrite of another}} ({{c1::axodendritic}}), to the {{c2::cell bodies}} ({{c1::axosomatic}…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Electrical synapses}} or {{c2::gap junctions}} are {{c1::very tight junctions}} where {{c1::current can freely pass between cells}}, in a {…
Published	11/11/2024	Electirical synapses are found commonly in the {{c1::CNS}} and allow cells to {{c1::co-ordinate their electrical activity}}.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Chemical synapses}} typically involve a {{c1::neurotransmitter}} that crosses the {{c1::synaptic cleft}} and {{c1::binds}} to a {{c1::receptor}}…
Published	11/11/2024	At the start of synaptic transmission, an {{c1::action potential}} arrives at presynaptic terminal and causes the presynaptic membrane to {{c1::depola…
Published	11/11/2024	During synaptic transmission, {{c1::Ca2+}} enters terminal down their concentration gradient causing {{c1::vesicles containing neurotransmitters}…
Published	11/11/2024	Post-synaptic transmission, the neurotransmitter is then either {{c1::taken back up}} by the {{c1::presynaptic terminal}}, or {{c1::broken down}} by {…
Published	11/11/2024	Neurotransmitters can either be {{c1::excitatory}} or {{c1::inhibitory}}.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Excitatory neurotransmitters}} initiate an {{c2::action potential}} in the postsynaptic terminal, by causing an {{c2::influx of Na+ ions}} to {{…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Inhibitory neurotransmitters}} do not initiate an {{c2::action potential}}. Usually, they cause a {{c2::hyperpolarization}} of the membrane by m…
Published	11/11/2024	The receptor present in the postsynaptic membrane could be either an {{c1::ionotropic}} or {{c1::metabotropic}} receptor.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Ionotropic receptors}} are {{c2::ligand-gated ion}} channels that open when the neurotransmitter binds to them, causing an {{c2::influx of Na+ i…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Metabotropic receptors}} are {{c2::G-protein coupled}} receptors that affect {{c2::ion channels}} indirectly through {{c2::secondary messengers}…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Summation}} refers to the process of {{c1::adding up individual electrical signals}} within a neuron to determine if the overall signal is {{c1…
Published	11/11/2024	Summation is either {{c1::temporal}} or {{c1::spatial}}.
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Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Temporal summation}} is where the {{c1::same synapse is activated multiple times in rapid succession}}, at a rate that is higher than the rate o…
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