Notes in 3 Bioenergetics

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Discussed {{c1::antioxidants}} (w/ mnemonics){{c2::Vitamin AVitamin CVitamin EZincSeleneiumGlutathione (peroxidase, reductase)β-CaroteneFlavonoids}}
Published	07/30/2024	The dominant form of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) under cellular pH is {{c1::hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO42−)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Catabolic reactions {{c1::release}} energy
Published	07/30/2024	Anabolic reactions {{c1::require}} energy
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Metabolic pathway}} is a series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::inner}} mitochondrial membrane is less permeable to substances
Published	07/30/2024	ATP synthase complexes are located in the of the {{c1::mitochondrial inner membrane}}
Published	07/30/2024	A phosphate-ribose bond is a {{c1::phosphoester}} bond
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c2::phosphate}}-{{c2::phosphate}} bond is a {{c1::phosphoanhydride}} bond
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Phosphoanhydride bond}} is the chemical bond formed when two phosphate groups react with each other and a water molecule is produced
Published	07/30/2024	Phosphate ions exist as {{c1::HPO42-}} in solution at physiologic pH
Published	07/30/2024	Phosphate forms of adenosine: no answer {{c1:::)}}
Published	07/30/2024	High-energy compounds are reactive due to their {{c1::strained}} bonds
Published	07/30/2024	Three subunits of FAD{{c1::1. Flavin2. Ribitol3. ADP}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ribitol}} is {{c2::reduced}} {{c3::ribose}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::saturating::saturating/desaturating}} a hydrocarbon is a form of {{c1::reduction::redox}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::desaturating::saturating/desaturating}} a hydrocarbon is a form of {{c1::oxidation::redox}}
Published	07/30/2024	The niacin comprising NAD+ is in the form of {{c1::nicotinamide}}
Published	07/30/2024	The active subunit of FAD{{c1::Flavin}}
Published	07/30/2024	The active subunit of NAD+{{c1::nicotinamide}}
Published	07/30/2024	Three subunits of NAD+{{c1::1. Nicotinamide2. Ribose3. ADP}}
Published	07/30/2024	A typical cellular reaction in which FAD serves as the oxidizing agent involves a!CH2!CH2! portion of a substrate being oxidized to produce a carbon–c…
Published	07/30/2024	A typical cellular reaction in which NAD+ serves as the oxidizing agent is theoxidation of a secondary alcohol to give a ketone{{c1::a}}
Published	07/30/2024	Three subunits of Coenzyme A (CoA-SH){{c1::1. 2-aminoethanethiol2. pantothenic acid3. phosphorylated ADP}}
Published	07/30/2024	Phosphorylated ADP has an additional phosphoryl group at {{c1::C3::Cn}}
Published	07/30/2024	The active subunit of Coenzyme A{{c1::sulfhydryl group in the aminoethanethiol}}
Published	07/30/2024	An {{c1::acetyl}} group is the portion of an {{c2::acetic acid (CH3–COOH)}} molecule that remains after the –OH group is removed from the carboxyl car…
Published	07/30/2024	3 Classification of Metabolic Intermediate Compounds based on function1. Intermediates for {{c1::the storage of energy and transfer of phosphate group…
Published	07/30/2024	Important Carboxylate Ions in Metabolic PathwaysCarboxylate ions derived from {{c2::succinic}} acid all have a charge of {{c1::2-}}
Published	07/30/2024	Malate, oxaloacetate, and fumarate all have {{c2::4::n}} carbons atoms
Published	07/30/2024	Metabollicaly imporant ionized {{c2::carboxyhydroxy}}-derivatives of glutaric acid have {{c1::6::n}} carbons
Published	07/30/2024	Important Carboxylate Ions in Metabolic PathwaysKeto derivatives (α-ketoglutaric acid) of glutaric acid have {{c1::5}} carbons
Published	07/30/2024	Important Carboxylate Ions in Metabolic PathwaysKeto derivatives (α-ketoglutaric ion) of glutaric acid have a charge of {{c1::2-}}
Published	07/30/2024	Citrate has a charge of {{c1::3-}}
Published	07/30/2024	The discussed metabolically important carboxylate ions are derivatives of {{c1::succinic acid}} and {{c1::glutatic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Malate ion}} is an ionized {{c3::hydroxy}}-derivative of {{c2::succinic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oxaloacetate ion}} is an ionized {{c3::keto}}-derivative of {{c2::succinic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fumarate ion}} is an ionized {{c3::unsaturated}}-derivative of {{c2::succinic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::α-ketoglutarate ion}} is an ionized {{c3::keto}}-derivative of {{c2::glutaric acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::citrate ion}} is an ionized {{c3::carboxyhydroxy}}-derivative of {{c2::glutaric acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::high-energy compound}} is a compound that has a greater free energy of hydrolysis than that of a typical compound
Published	07/30/2024	Energy required to break strained bonds during hydrolysis is {{c1::less}} than that generally required to break a chemical bond
Published	07/30/2024	Cause of bond strain = strong electron-electron repulsion{{c1::a}}
Published	07/30/2024	The parent molecule for phosphate groups is {{c1::phosphoric acid (H3PO4)}}
Published	07/30/2024	A more {{c1::negative}} Gibbs free energy indicates {{c2::greater}} bond strain
Published	07/30/2024	A Free-energy release greater (more negative) than {{c1::-6.0}} kcal/mole is generally considered indicative of bond strain
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Free energy}} is the amount of energy released by a chemical reaction that is {{c1::actually available for further use}} at a given tempera…
Published	07/30/2024	High-energy compounds have bonds that are {{c1::weaker}} than most bonds
Published	07/30/2024	How many strained bonds are present in an ATP molecule{{c1::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	4 general stages of biochemical energy production process{{c1::1. Digestion2. Acetyl group formation3. Citric acid cycle4. Electron transport chain an…
Published	07/30/2024	Exhaled CO2 comes primarily from what stage of energy production?{{c1::Citric acid cycle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Formed {{c2::acetyl groups}} attach to {{c1::coenzyme A}} to enter the citric acid cycle
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::common metabolic pathway}} is the sum total of the biochemical reactions of the {{c2::citric acid cycle}}, {{c2::the electron transport…
Published	07/30/2024	Acetyl groups formed during acetyl group formation are usually {{c1::2}}-carbon compounds
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Citric acid cycle}} is the series of biochemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the r…
Published	07/30/2024	In the citric acid cycle, {{c2::acetyl CoA (acetyl portion)}} is ultimately {{c3::oxidized}} to {{c4::carbon dioxide}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the citric acid cycle, the coenzymes {{c1::FADH2}}, {{c1::NADH}}, {{c1::CoA}} are produced
Published	07/30/2024	In the citric acid cycle, {{c1::reduced::oxidized/reduced}} coenzymes are produced
Published	07/30/2024	Enzymes for the Kreb's cycle are found in the mitochondrial matrix except {{c1::succinate dehydrogenase}} which is found in the {{c2::mitochondrial in…
Published	07/30/2024	Out of the 8 steps of the Krebs cycle, {{c1::4::n}} are oxidation reactions
Published	07/30/2024	Out of the 8 steps of the Kreb's cycle, {{c1::2::n}} are decarboxylation reactions
Published	07/30/2024	In the first step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::acetyl CoA}} combines with {{c1::oxaloacetate}} to produce {{c2::citryl CoA}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the first step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::citryl CoA}} is hydrolyzed to produce {{c2::citrate}} and {{c2::a free coenzyme A}}
Published	07/30/2024	The first step of the Kreb's cycle involve what enzyme(s){{c1::Citrate synthase}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the second step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::citrate}} is dehydrated to produce {{c2::cis-aconitate}} and {{c2::water}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the second step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::cis-aconitate}} is hydrated to produce {{c2::isocitrate}}
Published	07/30/2024	Citrate and isocitrate differ in the position of {{c1::1::n}} {{c2::hydroxy (–OH)}} group
Published	07/30/2024	The differing –OH group in {{c1::citrate::citrate/isocitrate}} is at {{c2::C3::Cn}} while in {{c1::isocitrate::citrate/isocitrate}} it's at {{c2::C4::…
Published	07/30/2024	Why is citrate isomerized to isocitrate?{{c1::Citrate, bearing a 3° alcohol group, is not readily oxidized}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which isomer is chiral? citrate or isocitrate{{c1::isocitrate}}
Published	07/30/2024	Isocitrate has how many chiral centers?{{c1::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	The second step of the Kreb's cycle involve what enzyme(s){{c1::Aconitase}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the third step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::isocitrate}} is oxidized by {{c1::NAD+::oxidizing agent}} to produce {{c2::oxalosuccinate}…
Published	07/30/2024	In the third step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::oxalosuccinate}} is decarboxylated by to produce {{c2::α-ketoglutarate}} and {{c2::CO2}}
Published	07/30/2024	The decarboxylation of oxalosuccinate to α-ketoglutarate consumes {{c1::1::n}} H+
Published	07/30/2024	Isocitrate is oxidized into oxalosuccinate, a ketone{{c1::a}}
Published	07/30/2024	Step {{c1::3}} of Krebs cycle yields the first molecules of CO2 and NADH
Published	07/30/2024	The third step of the Kreb's cycle involve what enzyme(s){{c1::isocitrate dehydrogenase}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the fourth step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::α-ketoglutarate}} is oxidized and decarboxylated to produce {{c2::succinyl CoA}} and {{c2::NADH + C…
Published	07/30/2024	The fourth step of the Kreb's cycle involve what enzyme(s){{c1::α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cofactors of the enzyme complexes: {{c3::pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)}}, {{c3::α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH)}}, and {{c3::bran…
Published	07/30/2024	In the fourth step of the citric acid cycle, α-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl CoA by reacting it with {{c1::NAD+ + H+ + CoA–SH}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the fifth step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::succinyl coA}} is converted to {{c2::succinyl phosphate}}, forming coenzyme A in the process
Published	07/30/2024	In the fifth step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::siccynyl phosphate}} transfers a phosphate group to {{c1::GDP}}, thus producing {{c2::succinate}} an…
Published	07/30/2024	Step {{c1::4}} of Kreb's Cycle yields the second molecules of CO2 and NADH
Published	07/30/2024	The fifth step of the Kreb's cycle involve what enzyme(s){{c1::succinyl-CoA synthetase}}
Published	07/30/2024	How is synthetase different from synthase?{{c1::Synthetase requires energy from a high-energy phosphate}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the sixth step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::succinate}} is oxidized by {{c1::FAD::oxidizing agent}} to produce {{c2::fumarate}} and {{c2::FADH2}…
Published	07/30/2024	The cis counterpart of fumarate, {{c1::maleate}}, is toxic
Published	07/30/2024	The sixth step of the Krebs cycle involve what enzyme(s){{c1::succinate dehydrogenase}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the seventh step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::fumarate}} is hydrated to produce {{c2::L-malate}}
Published	07/30/2024	The seventh step of the Kreb's cycle involve what enzyme(s){{c1::Fumarase}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the eighth step of the citric acid cycle, {{c1::L-malate}} is oxidized by {{c1::NAD+}} to produce {{c2::oxaloacetate}} and {{c2::NADH + H+}}
Published	07/30/2024	The eighth step of the Kreb's cycle involve what enzyme(s){{c1::Malate dehydrogenase}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Kreb's cycle reproduces {{c1::oxaloacetate}} to repeat the cycle, provided {{c2::acetyl CoA}} is also available
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::NAD+}} is used as the oxidizing agent {{c2::3::n}} times in one cycle of the citric acid cycle
Published	07/30/2024	FAD is used as the oxidizing agent {{c1::1::n}} time(s) in one cycle of the citric acid cycle
Published	07/30/2024	In redox reactions, {{c1::NAD+::FAD/NAD+}} is the oxidizing agent when a {{c2::carbon}}–{{c2::oxygen}} double bond is formed
Published	07/30/2024	In redox reactions, {{c1::FAD::FAD/NAD+}} is the oxidizing agent when a {{c2::carbon}}–{{c2::carbon}} double bond is formed
Published	07/30/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B2 (riboflavin)}} is important in the Kreb's cycle because it is a component of FAD and {{c1::α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex}}
Published	07/30/2024	The “fuel” for the the citric acid cycle is {{c1::acetyl CoA}}
Published	07/30/2024	Step 1: Condensation (citrate synthase)::step 1Step 2: Isomerization (aconitase)::step 2Step 3: Oxidation and decarboxylation&nbsp…
Published	07/30/2024	The products of each step of the citric acid cycle can be remembered by the mnemonic:{{c1::Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?}}
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in the Kreb's cycle where 2° alcohols are converted to ketones{{c1::Step 3 (isocitrate dehydrogenase)Step 8 (maltase dehydrogenase)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in the Kreb's cycle where NAD+ is converted to NADH{{c1::Step 3 (isocitrate dehydrogenase)Step 4 (α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex)Step 8 (…
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in the Kreb's cycle where CO2 is produced by decarboxylation{{c1::Step 3 (isocitrate dehydrogenase)Step 4 (α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex…
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in the Kreb's cycle where FAD is converted to FADH2{{c1::Step 6 (succinate dehydrogenase)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in the Kreb's cycle where GDP is converted to GTP{{c1::Step 5 (succinyl-CoA synthetase)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which Kreb cycle enzymes are activated/inhibited to regulate the citric acid cycle?{{c1::1. Citrate synthase (step 1)2. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (step…
Published	07/30/2024	Citrate synthase is activated by {{c1::ADP}}
Published	07/30/2024	Citrate synthase is inhibited by {{c1::ATP}}
Published	07/30/2024	Isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by {{c1::NADH}}
Published	07/30/2024	Isocitrate dehydrogenase is activated by {{c1::ADP}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mnemonic/Retrieval CuesHow many carbon atoms do the products of each reaction in Kreb's cycle have?"{{c1::2 contract Kreb, call 665-4444}}"
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in the Kreb's cycle where CoA-SH is used{{c1::Step 1 (citrate synthase)Step 4 (α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::electron transport chain}} is a series of biochemical reactions in which electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2 are passed to inter…
Published	07/30/2024	In the electron transport chain, which chemical species are passed from carriers to carriers?{{c1::Hyrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2}}
Published	07/30/2024	The electron transport chain ultimately produces what byproduct?{{c1::water}}
Published	07/30/2024	Each time an electron pass through steps of the ECT, its {{c1::loses}} energy
Published	07/30/2024	In ECT, {{c1::Complex I}} is aka {{c2::NADH-CoQ reductase}}
Published	07/30/2024	In ECT, {{c1::Complex II}} is aka {{c2::Succinate-CoQ reductase}}
Published	07/30/2024	In ECT, {{c1::Complex III}} is aka {{c2::Coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase}}
Published	07/30/2024	In ECT, {{c1::Complex IV}} is aka {{c2::Cytochrome c oxidase}}
Published	07/30/2024	The net result of electron transfer through complex {{c1::I}} is the transfer of electrons from {{c2::NADH}} to {{c2::coenzyme Q (CoQ)}}
Published	07/30/2024	complex I, the largest of the four protein complexes. Complex I containsmore than 40 subunits,{{c1::a}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the first step of electron transfer in Complex I, {{c1::NADH}} transfers its H+ and 2e- to {{c2::FMN}}, reducing it to {{c2::FMNH2}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the second step of electron transfer in Complex I, {{c1::FMNH2}} transfers its 2H+ and 2e- to {{c2::2 Fe(III)SPs}}, reducing it to {{c2::2 Fe(…
Published	07/30/2024	In the final step of electron transfer in Complex I, {{c1::2 Fe(II)SPs}} transfers its H+ and e- to {{c2::CoQ}}, reducing it to {{c2::CoQH2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can Coenzyme Q move within the inner mitochondrial membrane?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Coenzyme Q is a {{c1::quinone}} derivative
Published	07/30/2024	The subunit involved in the redox reactions of Cozenyme Q is its {{c1::quinone}}
Published	07/30/2024	Complex I has {{c1::40::n}} subunits
Published	07/30/2024	Complex II has {{c1::4::n}} subunits
Published	07/30/2024	The net result of electron transfer through complex {{c1::II}} is the transfer of electrons from {{c2::FADH2}} to {{c2::coenzyme Q (CoQ)}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the first step of electron transfer in Complex II, {{c1::FADH2}} transfers its 2H+ and 2e- to {{c2::2 Fe(III)SPs}}, reducing it to {{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	In final step of electron transfer in Complex II, {{c1::2 Fe(II)SPs}} transfers its 2H+ and 2e- to {{c2::CoQ}}, reducing it to {{c2::CoQH2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Reduced CoQH2 in complex I shuttles electrons to {{c1::complex III}}
Published	07/30/2024	Reduced CoQH2 by Complex II shuttles electrons to {{c1::Complex III}}
Published	07/30/2024	Complex III has {{c1::11::n}} subunits
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::cytochrome}} is a {{c2::heme}}-containing protein in which reversible oxidation and reduction of an {{c3::iron}} atom occur
Published	07/30/2024	All H+ ions required for thereactions of NADH, CoQ, and O2in the ETC come from the matrixside of the inner mitochondrialmembrane.{{c1::a}}
Published	07/30/2024	NADH::sourceFMNH22 Fe(II)SPsCoQH2
Published	07/30/2024	FADH2::source2 Fe(II)SPsCoQH2
Published	07/30/2024	The net result of electron transfer through Complex {{c1::III}} is the transfer of electrons from {{c2::CoQH2}} to {{c2::Cyt c}}
Published	07/30/2024	The only water-soluble cytochrome{{c1::cytochrome c}}
Published	07/30/2024	After oxidation of {{c1::CoQH2}}, only electrons are involved in the the redox reactions along the complex III
Published	07/30/2024	CoQH2::sourceFe(II)SPCyt bFe(II)SPCyt c1Cyt c
Published	07/30/2024	In the first step of electron transfer in Complex III, {{c1::CoQH2}} transfers its H+ and e- to {{c2::2 Fe(III)SPs}}, reducing it to {{c2::Fe(II)…
Published	07/30/2024	In the final step of electron transfer in Complex III, {{c1::cyt c1}} transfers its H+ and e- to {{c2::cyt c}}
Published	07/30/2024	Complex IV has {{c1::13::n}} subunits
Published	07/30/2024	The net result of electron transfer through Complex {{c1::IV}} is the transfer of electrons from {{c2::cyt c}} to {{c2::O2}}
Published	07/30/2024	It is estimated that {{c1::95%::percent}} of the oxygen used by cells serves as the final electron acceptorfor the ETC.
Published	07/30/2024	The two cytochromes in Complex {{c3::IV}}, {{c2::cyt a}} and {{c2::cyt a3}}, are associated with a {{c1::copper}} atoms along with its iron center
Published	07/30/2024	Cofactor of superoxide dismutase: {{c1::copper}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cyt c::sourceCyt a–CuACyt a3–CuBH2O
Published	07/30/2024	Mobile electron carriers in the electron transport chain{{c1::CoQ10 and Cyt C}}
Published	07/30/2024	Complexes that use FeSPs (iron-sulfur proteins) as electron carriers{{c1::Complexes I, II and II}}
Published	07/30/2024	There are {{c1::4::n}} fixed enzymes in the ECT
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oxidative phosphorylation}} is the biochemical process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP as a result of the transfer of electrons and hydroge…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Coupled reactions}} are pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently in which energy released by one reaction is used in the other rea…
Published	07/30/2024	Coupled reactions in the common metabolic pathway{{c1::Oxidative phosphorylation}} and {{c1::Redox reactions in ETC}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which complexes in the ECT also function as proton pumps?{{c1::Complexes I, III, and IV}}
Published	07/30/2024	Complexes I, III, and IV pump protons from the {{c1::mitochondrial matrix}} to the {{c1::intermembrane space}}
Published	07/30/2024	For every 2e- crossing Complex I, {{c1::4::n}} protons are pumped to the intermembrane space
Published	07/30/2024	For every 2e- crossing Complex III, {{c1::4::n}} protons are pumped to the intermembrane space
Published	07/30/2024	For every 2e- crossing Complex IV, {{c1::2::n}} protons are pumped to the intermembrane space
Published	07/30/2024	The oxidation of one {{c1::NADH}} molecule (ETC) results in a net of {{c2::10::n}} pumped protons
Published	07/30/2024	The oxidation of one {{c1::FADH2}} molecule (ETC) results in {{c2::6::n}} pumped protons
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chemiosmotic coupling}} is an explanation for the coupling of {{c2::ATP synthesis}} with {{c2::electron transport chain reactions}} that require…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ATP synthase}} is the coupling factor that link {{c2::Oxidative phosphorylation}} and {{c2::ETC reactions}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two subunits of ATP synthase{{c1::1. F01. F1}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F0}} subunit if ATP synthase functions as the {{c2::proton channel}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F1}} subunit of ATP synthase functions as the {{c2::catalytic center}}
Published	07/30/2024	Before ATP produced via oxidative phosphorylation can be used in metabolic reactions, it is first transported from the {{c1::mitochondrial matrix…
Published	07/30/2024	ATP synthase utilizes energy from the transport of {{c1::3::n}} protons
Published	07/30/2024	The exchange of ATP for ADP + Pi + H+ via transport protein utilizes energy from the transport of {{c1::1::n}} protons
Published	07/30/2024	A total of {{c1::4::n}} protons are utilized for energy to make one ATP molecule
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thermogenin}} is a proton channel found in {{c2::brown adipose}} tissue that physiologically uncouples {{c3::electron transp…
Published	07/30/2024	Hydrogen cyanide inhibits ETC by inhibiting {{c1::citochrome c oxidase (complex IV)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::2.5}} moles of ATP are formed for each mole of NADH that enters the ETC
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::1.5}} moles of ATP are formed for each mole of FADH2 that enters the ETC
Published	07/30/2024	One mole of acetyl CoA entering the citric acid cycle produces {{c1::3::n}} NADH{{c1::1::n}} FADH2{{c1::1::n}} GTP{{c1::2::n}} CO2{{c1::3::n}} H+…
Published	07/30/2024	One mole of acetyl CoA fully catabolized (ETC) produces a net of {{c1::10::n}} moles of ATP
Published	07/30/2024	ETC shuts down if there is no {{c1::O2}}
Published	07/30/2024	<10% of inspired O2 are converted into {{c1::reactive oxygen species}}
Published	07/30/2024	Reactive oxygen species discussed:{{c1::Hydrogen peroxide  (H2O2)Superioxide ion (O2-)Hydroxyl radical (OH)::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	In white blood cells, oxygen is used to form {{c2::superoxide}} free radicals by the enzyme {{c1::NADPH}}
Published	07/30/2024	Superoxide ion is elimenated in cells via a 2-step process involving the enzymes {{c1::superoxide dismutase::enzyme 1}}→({{c2::hydrogen peroxide::prod…
Published	07/30/2024	If produced {{c3::hydrogen peroxide}} is not decomposed by catalase, it can react with remaining {{c2::superoxide ions}} to form {{c1::hydroxyl radica…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Phytochemical}} is a nonnutrient compound found in {{c2::plant}}-derived foods that has a positive effect on human health
Published	07/30/2024	ROS that escape destruction through normal channels (superioxide dismutase, catalase) are taken care of by {{c1::antioxidants}}
Published	07/30/2024	4 B vitamins are necessary for the proper functioning of common metabolic pathway{{c1::1. Nicotinamide (NAD+)2. Riboflavin (FAD, α-ketoglutarate) dehy…
Published	07/30/2024	Thiamin is important in the Kreb's cycle because it is a component of {{c1::α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex}}
Published	07/30/2024	What accounts for the relative impermeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane?{{c1::More proteins than lipids}}
Published	07/30/2024	Why is too much oxygen intake dangerous?{{c1::ROS}}
Published	07/30/2024	Uridine triphosphate is involved in the metabolism of {{c1::carbohydrates}}
Published	07/30/2024	Guanosine triphosphate is involved in the metabolism of {{c1::carbohydrates and proteins}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cytidine triphosphate is involved in the metabolism of {{c1::lipids}}
Published	07/30/2024	ATP has {{c1::intermediate}} value of free energy
Published	07/30/2024	ATP has undergoes {{c1::slow::rapid/slow}} hydrolysis in aq
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