Notes in Chapter_08:_Anesthesia

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Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Rocuronium}} is reversed using {{c1::sugammadex}}
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::Mallampati}} classification is used to determine the difficulty of {{c2::intubation/ventilation}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common inhaled anesthetic is {{c1::sevoflurane}}
Published	07/07/2024	Mean Alveolar Concentration is the smallest concentration of inhaled anesthetic at which {{c2::50}}% of patients will {{c1::not move with incision}}
Published	07/07/2024	A {{c1::low::high or low}} MAC means the inhaled anesthetic is {{c2::more::more or less}} {{c3::lipid}} soluble
Published	07/07/2024	Inhaled anesthetics with {{c1::high::high or low}} {{c3::lipid}} solubility have a {{c2::low::high or low}} speed of induction
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Nitrous oxide::inhaled anesthetic}} has the {{c1::fastest::fastest or slowest}} speed of induction therefore having a {{c1::high::high or l…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Nitrous oxide::inhaled anesthetic}} has the {{c1::fastest::fastest or slowest}} speed of induction therefore having a {{c1::low::high or low}} p…
Published	07/07/2024	Most inhaled anesthetics side effects include {{c1::myocardial}} depression, {{c2::de}}creased {{c3::cerebral}} blood flow, and {{c2::de}}creased {{c3…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Nitrous oxide::inhaled anesthetic}} has {{c2::minimal}} myocardial depression
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Halothane::inhaled anesthetic}} has a {{c1::high::high or low}} degree of myocardial depression
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Nitrous oxide::inhaled anesthetic}} diffuses into closed spaces and should be avoided in patients with {{c2::small bowel obstruction}} or {{c3::…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Halothane::inhaled anesthetic}} has a {{c2::high::high or low}} degree of inducing myocardial arrhythmias
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Halothane::inhaled anesthetic}} can cause {{c2::hepatitis}}, which presents with fever, jaundice, increased liver enzymes, and {{c1::eosino…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Sevoflurane}} has a {{c2::low::high or low}} degree of inducing {{c3::laryngospasm}}, making it good for {{c4::mask}} induction
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Enflurane::inhaled anesthetic}} has the {{c2::highest::highest or lowest}} degree of causing {{c3::seizures::complication}}
Published	07/07/2024	Inhaled anesthetic-induced {{c2::bradycardia}} is treated with intra-operative {{c1::atropine}}
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with a(n) {{c2::egg}} allergy should NOT recieve {{c1::propofol::IV anesthetic}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Propofol::IV anesthetic}} {{c1::is not::is or isn't}} safe for pregnant patients
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Propofol::anesthetic}} should be avoided in patients with {{c1::Parkinson's disease::CNS}}, as it can cause {{c3::dyskinesia}}
Published	07/07/2024	Propofol {{c1::does NOT::does or does NOT}} have any analgesic effects
Published	07/07/2024	Propofol is metabolized in the {{c1::liver}} by {{c2::plasma cholinesterases}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Ketamine::anesthetic}} and {{c4::dexmedetomidine (Precedex)::anesthetic}} {{c1::do NOT::do or do NOT}} cause {{c3::respiratory}} depre…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Ketamine::IV anesthetic}} is contraindicated in patients with {{c2::head}} injury
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Ketamine::IV anesthetic}} {{c3::in}}creases {{c4::airway}} {{c2::secretions}}
Published	07/07/2024	Ketamine {{c1::in}}creases CO2 production
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Ketamine::anesthetic}}-induced tachycardia is the result of increased release of {{c1::catecholamines}}
Published	07/07/2024	Prolonged use of {{c1::propofol::IV anesthetic}} can cause {{c2::lactic acidosis::pH disturbance}} and should be avoided in children
Published	07/07/2024	The IV anesthetic with the fewest {{c2::cardiac}} side effects is {{c1::etomidate}}
Published	07/07/2024	Etomidate {{c1::does NOT::does or does NOT}} have any analgesic effects
Published	07/07/2024	Ketamine {{c1::does::does or does NOT}} have analgesic effects
Published	07/07/2024	Prolonged infusions of {{c2::etomidate::IV anesthetic}} can cause {{c1::adrenocortical}} suppression
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with recent oral intake should undergo {{c1::rapid sequence intubation::anesthesia}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Rapid sequence intubation}} consists of {{c1::pre-oxygenation}}, followed by {{c2::etomidate}} and {{c2::succinylcholine}}
Published	07/07/2024	Although it provides anesthesia and analgesia, {{c2::dexmedetomidine (Precedex)::drug}} {{c1::should NOT::should or should NOT}} be used for {{c3…
Published	07/07/2024	Dexmedetomidine (Precedex) is generally used as a sedating agent for {{c1::intubated}} patients
Published	07/07/2024	The main benefit of {{c2::ketamine::IV anesthetic}} and {{c2::dexmedetomidine (Precedex)::IV anesthetic}} is they do NOT blunt the {{c1::hypoxic}…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Dexmedetomidine (Precedex)::anesthesia drug}} should NOT be used for more than {{c1::24 hours::time period}}
Published	07/07/2024	The mechanism of action of dexmedetomidine (Precedex) is {{c1::alpha-2 agonist}}
Published	07/07/2024	Propofol {{c1::de}}creases intracranial pressure
Published	07/07/2024	The last muscle to be affected by paralytic agents is the {{c1::diaphragm}}
Published	07/07/2024	The first muscle to recover from paralytic agents is the {{c1::diaphragm}}
Published	07/07/2024	The last muscle to recover from paralytic agents is {{c1::neck/face}}
Published	07/07/2024	The first muscle to be affected by paralytic agents is the {{c1::neck/face}}
Published	07/07/2024	The paralytic {{c2::succinylcholine}} is a(n) {{c1::depolarizing::MOA}} agent
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Succinylcholine::paralytic}} reversal agent is {{c1::none}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Succinylcholine}} can cause {{c3::malignant hyperthermia::complication}}, which is due to a genetic defect in {{c1::calcium}} metaboli…
Published	07/07/2024	The first sign of {{c2::succinylcholine}}-induced {{c3::malignant hyperthermia}} is {{c1::increased end-tidal CO2}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Malignant hyperthermia::anesthesia complication}} is treated with {{c1::dantroline}} (at {{c2::10}} mg/kg)
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Dantrolene}} works by {{c3::inhibi}}ting the {{c1::ryanodine}} receptors and inhibiting {{c1::calcium}} release
Published	07/07/2024	Additional supportive measures for malignant hyperthermia include cooling blankets, IV {{c1::glucose}}, and IV {{c1…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c5::Succinylcholine::paralytic}} should be avoided in patients with severe {{c4::burns}}/massive {{c4::trauma}}, {{c3::CNS}} injury, {{c2:…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Succinylcholine::paralytic}} can convert {{c1::open}}-angle glaucoma to {{c1::closed}}-angle glaucoma
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Non-de}}polarizing paralytics work by {{c3::competitive}} inhibition of {{c2::acetylcholine receptor}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Myasthenia gravis::neuromuscular disease}} patients can have {{c3::prolonged::shortened or prolonged}} effects with {{c1::non-de}}polarizin…
Published	07/07/2024	The best paralytic to use in liver and renal failure patients is {{c1::cis-atracurium}} because it undergoes {{c2::Hofmann}} elimination in the&n…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Rocu}}ronium has {{c2::fast}} onset and {{c3::intermediate}} duration
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Rocu}}ronium undergoes {{c1::hepatic}} metabolism
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Pancu}}ronium has {{c2::slow}} onset and has {{c1::long}} duration
Published	07/07/2024	The most common side effect of {{c4::pancuronium::paralytic}} is {{c2::tachycardia}} {{c3::without::with or without}} {{c1::hypotension}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Neostigmine}} and {{c3::edrophonium}} reverse {{c4::non-de}}polarizing paralytics and work by {{c2::blocking::activating or blocking}}…
Published	07/07/2024	When reversing {{c4::non-de}}polarizing paralytics with {{c2::edrophonium}} or {{c2::neostigmine}}, {{c3::atropine}} or {{c3::glycopyrrolate}} ar…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Local}} anesthetics work by blocking {{c1::Na+}} influx
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Lido}}caine maximum dose is {{c1::4}} mg/kg ({{c1::7}} mg/kg with epinephrine)
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Bupiva}}caine maximum dose is {{c1::2}} mg/kg ({{c1::3}} mg/kg with epinephrine)
Published	07/07/2024	Lidocaine toxicity symptoms include: - HEENT: {{c1::blurred}} vision, {{c2::tinnitus}}, {{c3::circumoral}} numbness, {{c4::tongue}} paresthe…
Published	07/07/2024	Most local anesthetics are safe to re-administer after {{c1::2 hours::time frame}}
Published	07/07/2024	Local anesthetic duration of action:{{c1::bupiva}}caine > {{c1::lido}}caine > {{c1::pro}}caine(lidocaine, procaine, bupivacaine)
Published	07/07/2024	{{c4::Epinephrine}} should NOT be used with local anesthetics if patient has {{c1::uncontrolled HTN}}, {{c2::unstable angina}}, or {{c3::arrhythm…
Published	07/07/2024	Pregnant patients should NOT have epinephrine mixed with their local anesthetics if they have {{c1::uteroplacental insufficiency}}
Published	07/07/2024	Local anesthetics that have a higher rate of allergic reactions are {{c1::esters::amides or esters}}
Published	07/07/2024	Local anesthetics that have a lower rate of allergic reactions are {{c1::amides::amides or esters}}
Published	07/07/2024	Local anesthetics that have an "i" in the first part of their name are {{c1::amides}}
Published	07/07/2024	Patients taking {{c2::MAOIs::anti-depressant}} should avoid narcotics (especially {{c3::meperidine}}) due to a high risk of {{c1::serotonin syndr…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Morphine::opioid}} causes hypotension due to release of {{c1::histamine}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Meperidine (Demerol)::opioid}} has {{c1::less::more or less}} histamine release than morphine
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Fentanyl::opioid}} does NOT cause the release of histamine
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Meperidine (demerol)::opioid}} has a {{c3::higher::higher or lower}} risk of {{c2::seizures}} compared to other opioids
Published	07/07/2024	In patients with {{c2::renal}} failure, using {{c3::meperidine (Demerol)::opioid}} substantially increases the risk of {{c1::seizures}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most potent opioid is {{c1::sufentanil}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pregnant patients should NOT be given {{c1::midazolam (Versed)::benzodiazepine}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Long}}-acting benzodiazepines include {{c1::diazepam}} and {{c1::lorazepam}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Short}}-acting benzodiazepines include {{c1::midazolam}} and {{c1::alprazolam}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Benzodiazepine}} overdose is treated with {{c1::flumazenil}}
Published	07/07/2024	Two life-threatening complications of flumazenil administration include {{c2::seizures}} and {{c1::arrhythmias}}
Published	07/07/2024	Flumazenil is contraindicated in patients with increased {{c2::ICP}} or {{c1::status epilepticus}}
Published	07/07/2024	Patients getting epidural anesthesia with morphine are at an increased risk of {{c1::respiratory depression}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)::opioid}} is preferred in epidural anesthesia patients because it has a lower risk of causing {{c2::respiratory depress…
Published	07/07/2024	Epidural anesthesia blocks the {{c1::s}}ympathetic nerves, thus making the patients prone to {{c1::hypo}}-tension
Published	07/07/2024	Acute hypotension caused by epidural anesthesia is treated with {{c1::fluids}}, {{c2::phenylephrine}}, and {{c3::atropine}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Epidural}} anesthesia is contraindicated inpatients with {{c1::hypertrophic cardiomyopathy::heart}} or {{c2::cyanotic}} heart disease&…
Published	07/07/2024	Systemic {{c2::local anesthetic}} toxicity is treated with IV {{c1::lipid emulsion therapy}}
Published	07/07/2024	Epidurals above {{c2::T5::spinal level}} can affect the {{c1::cardiac accelerator}} nerves
Published	07/07/2024	Epidural anesthesia {{c2::de}}creases cardiac {{c1::pre}}load
Published	07/07/2024	Epidural for {{c1::thoraco}}tomy is done between the T{{c2::6}}-T{{c2::9}} vertebral levels
Published	07/07/2024	Epidural for {{c2::laparo}}tomy is done at the T{{c1::8}}-T{{c1::10}} vertebral level
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Spinal}} anesthesia is performed below the {{c1::L2}} vertebral level to avoid hitting the spinal cord
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Spinal}} anesthesia is injected into the {{c1::subarachnoid}} space
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Caudal}} block involves injecting into the sacral {{c1::epidural}} space
Published	07/07/2024	The most common complication of epidural and spinal blocks is {{c1::urinary retention}}
Published	07/07/2024	Epidural/spinal anesthesia {{c3::headache::symptom}} that gets worse while sitting {{c2::up::up or down}} is caused by {{c1::CSF leak}}
Published	07/07/2024	Respiratory depression is more likely with high {{c1::spinal::epidural or spinal}} block
Published	07/07/2024	An indication to treat spinal headache with {{c2::blood patch}} is {{c1::>24 hours duration}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Spinal headaches}} in the first 24 hours are treated with {{c1::fluids}}, {{c2::caffeine}}, and analgesics
Published	07/07/2024	The highest indicator of post-operative mortality is {{c1::renal failure}}
Published	07/07/2024	Post-op {{c2::MI}} can present without {{c1::chest pain}} or EKG changes
Published	07/07/2024	Pre-operative cardiology workup indications include:  - Previous {{c1::MI}} - Current {{c2::angina}} - Shortness of brea…
Published	07/07/2024	The biggest risk factor for post-operative MI is {{c1::uncompensated CHF}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most effective drug to prevent intra-operative and post-operative cardiac events is {{c1::beta-blocker}}
Published	07/07/2024	Elective surgeries can be performed {{c1::6 weeks::time frame}} after MI
Published	07/07/2024	A sudden {{c2::rise}} in end-tidal CO2 is most likely caused by {{c1::hypoventilation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Acute {{c3::hypotension}} with sudden {{c4::in}}crease in {{c2::end-tidal CO2}} is highly suspicious for {{c1::CO2 embolism}}
Published	07/07/2024	Malignant hyperthermia is associated with {{c1::in}}creased end-tidal CO2
Published	07/07/2024	A sudden {{c2::de}}crease in end-tidal CO2 is most likely caused by {{c1::patient getting disconnected from the vent}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Air::air or CO2}} embolism would present with a sudden {{c2::de}}crease in end-tidal CO2
Published	07/07/2024	Acute {{c3::hypotension}} with sudden {{c4::de}}crease in {{c2::end-tidal CO2}} is highly suspicious for {{c1::O2 e…
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of {{c2::air}} embolism is with air entering through {{c1::central line (directly or the site)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The first step if CO2 embolism is suspected is to stop {{c2::insuflation}} and {{c1::place patient in left lateral Trendelenburg position}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::CO2}} embolism vent management involves {{c1::hyperventilation with 100% O2}}
Published	07/07/2024	The endotracheal tube should be >{{c1::2}} cm above carina
Published	07/07/2024	The most common PACU complication is {{c1::nausea/vomitting}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of post-operative hypoxemia is {{c1::atelectasis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of post-operative hypercarbia is poor {{c1::minute ventilation}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Visceral::visceral or somatic}} pain is treated with {{c1::opioids}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Somatic::visceral or somatic}} pain is treated with {{c1::NSAIDs and opioids}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Bi}}polar cautery is safer than {{c1::mono}}polar cautery
Published	07/07/2024	There is some evidence showing that {{c1::100% O2::gas}} can help re-expand the lung faster in {{c2::pneumothorax}} patients
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Isoflur}}ane {{c2::dec}}reases {{c3::cerebral}} blood flow
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Isoflurane::inhaled anesthetic}} is preferred for neurosurgery
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Isoflur}}ane {{c1::dec}}reases cerebral perfusion
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