Notes in Aerodynamics

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Published	06/05/2023	What is maximum camber usually expressed as?
Published	06/05/2023	Maximum Range requires the aeroplane to fly with {{c1::minimum drag.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Maximum endurance requires the use of {{c1::minimum power}}
Published	06/05/2023	Power is the rate at which {{c1::fuel}} is being supplied to the engine to make {{c1::thrust}}.
Published	06/05/2023	Power and thrust {{c1::are not}} the same.
Published	06/05/2023	Power varies with {{c1::speed3}}
Published	06/05/2023	Lift is the {{c1::resultant of all the aerodynamic forces}} which act at {{c1::right angles}} to the direction of motion.
Published	06/05/2023	For a body to be in a state of equilibrium there must be {{c1::no change in its motion.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Kinetic energy possessed by a moving body depends on both the {{c1::mass and the velocity of the moving body. }}
Published	06/05/2023	For an aircraft in level flight to cover the greatest distance per litre of fuel consumed it must be flown at speed which produces {{c1::least amount …
Published	06/05/2023	For an aircraft to remain in the air for the greatest possible time per litre of fuel consumed, it must be flown at a speed which requires {{c1::least…
Published	06/05/2023	The net effect of all forces acting on an aerofoil can be attributed to a single imaginary forced called {{c1::total reaction.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Indicated air speed is proportional to the {{c1::kinetic energy of the free airstream. }}
Published	06/05/2023	For an aircraft to acheive max range in level flight in nil wind conditions it must be flown at a speed which requires {{c1::minimum thrust.}}
Published	06/05/2023	For an aircraft to achieve max endurance in level flight it must be flown at a speed which requires {{c1::minimum power. }}
Published	06/05/2023	The force of drag during flight always acts parallel to the {{c1::relative airflow }}
Published	06/05/2023	To achieve max range in a piston engine aircraft, the power that is used must produce the {{c1::indicated air speed corresponding to min drag. }}
Published	06/05/2023	The tendency of the airflow to follow a surface with gentle curvature rather than continue on its original path is often called the {{c1::Coanda effec…
Published	06/05/2023	The Coanda effect explains the production of lift {{c1::whereby a flow along a solid surface tends to follow the curvature of the surface rather than …
Published	06/05/2023	Pressure exerted on a surface exposed to fluid such as air is best explained by {{c1::the bombardment of individual molecules against the surface.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Bernoullis priniciple states that as an airstream passes through a venturi the {{c1::sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy remains the same.}}
Published	06/05/2023	List the examples of aerofoils
Published	06/05/2023	The mean camber line is a {{c1::line drawn from the leading edge to trailing edge}} so that it always remains {{c1::equidistant}} from the {{c1::top a…
Published	06/05/2023	Initally the boundary layer is slowed by {{c1::friction}} but maintains {{c1::laminar flow.}} At the maximum point of {{c1::thickness}} there is an ab…
Published	06/05/2023	What are laminar flow aerofoils?
Published	06/05/2023	The AOA at which lift begins to decrease is called the {{c1::stalling angle of attack.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Drag continues to increase as the {{c1::AOA of increases,}} up to beyond the stalling angle.
Published	06/05/2023	The centre of pressure continues to {{c1::move forward}} with increasing AOA untill the point is reached where the gain produced by the accelerating a…
Published	06/05/2023	An aerofoil stalls at a {{c1::certain angle}}, not a {{c1::certain speed}}.
Published	06/05/2023	define stall
Published	06/05/2023	Describe a symmetrical aerofoil
Published	06/05/2023	The minimum drag coefficient determines the {{c1::maximum speed an aeroplane can achieve. }}
Published	06/05/2023	The AOA decides the value of the {{c1::lift drag ratio}} while the speed decides the {{c1::actual value of lift and drag}} as a # of lbs or kg.
Published	06/05/2023	Define Centre of pressure.
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Published	06/05/2023	The term coefficient when applied to lift and drag for a particular aerofoil is most closely related to {{c1::AOA}}
Published	06/05/2023	The AOA of an aerofoil is the angle at which the relative airflow approaches the {{c1::chord line}}
Published	06/05/2023	Any increase in the AOA beyond the stalling angle at a constant IAS will cause {{c1::less lift and more drag.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Laminar flow in the boundary layer tends to persist while ever the {{c1::aerofoil section is thickening}}
Published	06/05/2023	A laminar flow aerofoil has the point of max thickness {{c1::near 50% of the chord and produces less parasite drag. }}
Published	06/05/2023	Subsonic air flowing through the throat of a venturi suffers a {{c1::decrease in pressure energy and an increase in kinetic energy. }}
Published	06/05/2023	As the AOA of a cambered aerofoil is increased in flight towards the stalling angle, the effect on the total reaction is that {{c1::the magnitude of t…
Published	06/05/2023	An aircraft in level flight is flying at AOA X. this represents?
Published	06/05/2023	An AOA increase in straight and level flight is accompanied by an {{c1::increase in total reaction and a forward movement in the centre of pressure.}}
Published	06/05/2023	An aircraft flight at the AOA marked A would be flying at?
Published	06/05/2023	As the AOA of an aerofoil is increased towards the stalling angle at constant IAS, the effect on the coefficients of lift and drag {{c1::is the coeffi…
Published	06/05/2023	When flying at AOA marked X in level flight the value of lift is?
Published	06/05/2023	The air that is acclereated rearwards by the propellar is called the {{c1::slipstream}}.
Published	06/05/2023	The plane {{c1::yaws to the left}} as a result of the slipstream from the prop rising up on the tailplane and striking the rudder on the left side.&nb…
Published	06/05/2023	Aircraft with clockwise rotating props as seen from the cockpit, the torque reaction produces a tendency {{c1::to roll to the left. }}
Published	06/05/2023	Describe the asymmetric blade effect / P factor
Published	06/05/2023	What factors reduce thrust?
Published	06/05/2023	Air density strongly affects things such as?
Published	06/05/2023	In a single engine aircraft with a prop that rotates clockwise when viewed from the cockpit, the slipstream effect is most pronounced during operation…
Published	06/05/2023	a blunt leading edge with a {{c1::large}} radius will result in a {{c1::well-rounded peak}} to the CL curve with {{c1::gentle stall}} characteristics.…
Published	06/05/2023	During a long climb in a single engine aircraft with a propeller that rotates clockwise when viewed from the cockpit, the pilot may find it necessary …
Published	06/05/2023	The designer can eliminate slipstream effect during cruise by {{c1::biasing the rudder to the right}}
Published	06/05/2023	The initial effect of torque reaction during take-off is to produce a tendency for the {{c1::aircraft to roll opposite ot the direction of the prop ro…
Published	06/05/2023	The designer can eliminate torque effect during cruise by {{c1::setting one wing at a slightly higher angle of incidence than the other }}
Published	06/05/2023	Explain what gyroscopic precession is and when does it occur in an aircraft
Published	06/05/2023	What factors determine the magnitude of the effect of gyroscopic precession during take off
Published	06/05/2023	'P' factor or asymmetric blade effect is present whenever the prop is advancing and {{c1::inclined to the direction of the RAF with most thrust genera…
Published	06/05/2023	Ground looping is more likely to occur when there is an {{c1::unstable combination of inertia and friction forces in a tailwheel aircraft.}}
Published	06/05/2023	What is skin friction drag?
Published	06/05/2023	Define induced drag:
Published	06/05/2023	Form drag can be reduced by altering the shape of the object which is refered to as {{c1::streamlining}}.
Published	06/05/2023	The rate of increase in parasite drag is approximately {{c1::equal to the square of the speed.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Air attempts to flow from beneath the wing to the {{c1::region above it via the tip.}}
Published	06/05/2023	The air beneath the wing is {{c1::moving out to curl over the tip}}. This influences the rest of the air flowing beneath the wing causing it to {{c1::…
Published	06/05/2023	In the vicinity of the wing tip, the vortex imposes a {{c1::downward component on the relative air flow.}}
Published	06/05/2023	In the vicinity of the wing tip, lift is {{c1::inclined rearwards.}}
Published	06/05/2023	The {{c1::inclination}} of lift is the result of the change in the {{c1::direction}} of the local relative airflow.The change in airflow direction res…
Published	06/05/2023	What are the two factors that govern how much air spills across the wing tip and therefore the degree of vortex development of spanwise flow
Published	06/05/2023	When aircraft is flying slowly, there is more {{c1::time}} available for air to {{c1::complete journey around wing tip.}}Development of tip vorticies …
Published	06/05/2023	A heavy aircraft must generate more lift - pressure gradient across wing tip must be {{c1::increased. (increased induced drag)}}
Published	06/05/2023	Wing with long span and short chord has a?
Published	06/05/2023	a high aspect ratio wing has smaller {{c1::tip}} for a given area than wing with low aspect ratio.Smaller tip reduces {{c1::vortex formation.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Low aspect ratio wings require a larger {{c1::angle of attack}} to produce the {{c1::same amount of lift}} as compared to a {{c1::high aspect}} ratio …
Published	06/05/2023	Low aspect ratio wings have a {{c1::higher}} stalling AOA compared to a high aspect ratio wing.
Published	06/05/2023	The rotation of the vortices will be {{c1::clockwise}} from the left wing and {{c1::anti-clockwise}} from the right wing.
Published	06/05/2023	A following aircraft should remain {{c1::at or above}} the generating aircrafts level or more than {{c1::1000ft}} below it to reduce chances of encoun…
Published	06/05/2023	Vortices drift outwards at about {{c1::3-4kts}}.A {{c1::3-4kt}} crosswind will cause the {{c1::upwind vortex to persist}} in the vicinity of the runwa…
Published	06/05/2023	Wing tip vortices are apart of the process of {{c1::producing lift. }}
Published	06/05/2023	During take-off, {{c1::no}} vortices will be made until {{c1::nose is rotated}} and the {{c1::full weight}} of the aircraft is {{c1::supported by the …
Published	06/05/2023	A tailwind will cause wing tip vortices {{c1::drift beyond the touch-down point}} into the region of the runway where vortices would {{c1::normally no…
Published	06/05/2023	A heavy aircraft carrying out a missed approach can leave {{c1::wake turbulence}} for the entire length of the runway.
Published	06/05/2023	What is the effect of flap on wake turbulence?
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Published	06/05/2023	Total drag must be balanced by the {{c1::engines thrust}} to produce equilibirum in level flight.
Published	06/05/2023	What does S2 represent on the graph and what will it achieve?
Published	06/05/2023	What phase/s of flight during which wing tip vortices are likely to be present?
Published	06/05/2023	What is the rate of lateral drift of vortices after they have reached ground level?
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Published	06/05/2023	What is the minimum distance that should be allowed to avoid helicopter rotor downwash from a heavy helicopter hovering?
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Published	06/05/2023	Wake turbulence is most severe behind heavy aircraft which is {{c1::flying slowly.}}
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Published	06/05/2023	For al ight aircraft flying behind and below a heavy jet, the area of the sky that should be avoided is about {{c1::900ft}} below the jet and {{c1::on…
Published	06/05/2023	The amount of thrust generated depends on two tings:
Published	06/05/2023	Thrust is highest when {{c1::forward speed is lowest.}}With full power applied, thrust would {{c1::decrease as speed increased.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Explain what is this graph illustrating
Published	06/05/2023	Power can be thought of as the {{c1::rate at which fuel must be suppled in attempt to make thrust. }}
Published	06/05/2023	Describe and explain what S1, S3, and S3 represent on this graph
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Published	06/05/2023	The power available from a piston engine is nearly {{c1::constant throughout the speed range. }}
Published	06/05/2023	When speed is low, thrust required is {{c1::quite high.}} - So power required is {{c1::fairly high }}When speed is high, thrust required is {{c1:…
Published	06/05/2023	Describe and explain what S3 to S1 represent on this graph and what reverse command is
Published	06/05/2023	The slower the speed in region of reverse command, the {{c1::greater the power required to maintain flight. }}
Published	06/05/2023	Minimum thrust corresponds to {{c1::minimum drag in level flight }}
Published	06/05/2023	Maximum surplus thrust determines {{c1::max angle of climb. }}
Published	06/05/2023	Minimum power produces {{c1::maximum endurance in level flight }}
Published	06/05/2023	Maximum surplus power determines {{c1::maximum rate of climb}}
Published	06/05/2023	Power available determines both the {{c1::maximum and the therortical minimum speed in level flight. }}
Published	06/05/2023	As speed is increased from the stalling speed to maximum crusing speed in straight and level flight, the induced drag acting on an aircraft {{c1::decr…
Published	06/05/2023	As speed is decreased from max cruising speed to stalling speed in level flight, the parasite drag acting on an aircraft {{c1::decreases continuously.…
Published	06/05/2023	As speed is increased from stalling speed to max cruising speed in level flight, the total drag acting on an aircraft {{c1::decreases than increases.&…
Published	06/05/2023	The least amount of total drag in level flight is produced when the aircraft is flown at the speed which produces the {{c1::best lift/drag ratio}}
Published	06/05/2023	Design features such as high aspect ratio, wash out and taper have the effect of increasing the aircrafts {{c1::maximum lift/drag ratio}}
Published	06/05/2023	The greatest amount of induced drag would be produced by applying {{c1::high AOA at high speeds.}}
Published	06/05/2023	In level flight induced drag is {{c1::directly proportional to weight and inversely proportional to speed.}}
Published	06/05/2023	The speed which produces the best lift/drag ration AOA in level flight is also the speed which requires {{c1::minimum thrust}}
Published	06/05/2023	The initial effect of propeller torque on a single engine aeroplane whne power is increased is the {{c1::aeroplane will tend to roll to the left.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Which indicated air speed would produce maximum endurance speed in level flight in a piston engine aeroplane?
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Published	06/05/2023	"P factor" refers to the displacement of the thrust line towards the "down going blade" side of the propeller arc. The effect is greatest at {{c1::hig…
Published	06/05/2023	If an aircraft with a clockwise propeller roation as viewed from the cockpit has a tendency to swing to the right during take-off, a likely cause woul…
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Published	06/05/2023	The application of high power with low airspeed is accompanied by {{c1::engine torque producing a roll}}
Published	06/05/2023	For a piston engine aircraft, the max rate of climb possible at a given gross weight is primarly governed by {{c1::excess power.}}
Published	06/05/2023	If more power is required to maintain altitude when indicated airspeed is reduced, the aeroplane must be flying below {{c1::the speed of maximum endur…
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Published	06/05/2023	If the approach speed of an aircraft is in the region of reverse command, a reduction in IAS will require a {{c1::higher nose attitude with an increas…
Published	06/05/2023	The wake turbulence generated by a slow flying aircraft will be {{c1::greater with flaps up than with flaps down. }}
Published	06/05/2023	What are the factors that affect lift
Published	06/05/2023	1/2PV2 represents the {{c1::kinetic energy of an airstream(kinetic energy possessed by a unit volume of air.) }}
Published	06/05/2023	{{c1::Power + attitude}} = Performance
Published	06/05/2023	Endurance is the {{c1::measure of how long any aeroplane can stay aloft, it is a measure of time (hours, minutes, seconds)}}. Range is …
Published	06/05/2023	When flying straight and level into a headwind, the maximum range possible {{c1::will be reduced.}}
Published	06/05/2023	To achieve the best range in headwind, we must {{c1::fly at a speed faster than the minimum drag speed.}}
Published	06/05/2023	What does S1 and S2 represent on this graph?
Published	06/05/2023	For maximum range in level flight what parameters should be selected if flying in no wind?
Published	06/05/2023	For maximum range in level flight what parameters should be selected if weight is increased?
Published	06/05/2023	For maximum range in level flight what parameters should be selected if flying in a headwind/tailwind?
Published	06/05/2023	How does height effect maximum range in level flight?
Published	06/05/2023	To acheive maximum endurance the fuel on board must {{c1::last the longest possible time. }}
Published	06/05/2023	Fuel will last the the longest time when it is used by the engine {{c1::at the lowest rate.}}
Published	06/05/2023	The minimum power required for flight is the {{c1::same}} no matter what the wind is doing.
Published	06/05/2023	Increased weight requires more {{c1::lift}} and results in more {{c1::drag}}. More {{c1::drag}} requires more {{c1::power}}.Minimum {{c1::power requir…
Published	06/05/2023	What happens to endurance when flying at high levels?
Published	06/05/2023	To fly max endurance you should:
Published	06/05/2023	The speed for maximum range will always be {{c1::higher}} than speed for maximum endurance.
Published	06/05/2023	Minimum drag always occurs at a {{c1::higher}} speed than minimum power.
Published	06/05/2023	Small extenions of flap are useful in lift augmentation - however proportional increase in {{c1::drag}} is greater than that for {{c1::lift}}.{{c1::Li…
Published	06/05/2023	Slats allow an aerofoil to operate {{c1::beyond what would otherwise be its stalling angle. }}
Published	06/05/2023	An aerofoil with flaps extended increase {{c1::lift however reduce stalling AOA}}
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Published	06/05/2023	During a climb, the rate of climb is continually {{c1::decreasing}} while the ground speed is continually {{c1::increasing}} (assuming wind is constan…
Published	06/05/2023	The more steeply an aeroplane climbs the less need for {{c1::lift}} and more need for {{c1::thrust}}.
Published	06/05/2023	Maximum rate of climb is achieved by climbing the aircraft at a {{c1::particular indicated air speed with max continuous power applied. }}
Published	06/05/2023	What is the effect of increased weight on climb rate?
Published	06/05/2023	Rate of climb considers the {{c1::height gained in a given time}}
Published	06/05/2023	Angle of climb considers the {{c1::height gained a given distance.}}
Published	06/05/2023	Explain the characteristics and differences between best rate and best angle of climb
Published	06/05/2023	Wind has {{c1::no}} effect on surplus power available - therefore {{c1::no}} effect on rate of climb. If climbing into headwind, an aeroplane wil…
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