Notes in c. Embryology: Gastrulation

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/28/2024	At {{c1::gastrulation}} the two layered embryo (epiblast and hypoblast) is converted into the three primary embryonic germ layers
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::ectoderm}} is the outer layer, that surrounds other layers in development and forms the {{c2::skin, CNS, and PNS}}
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::mesoderm}} is the middle germ layer, forms most of the {{c2::muscle, blood, and connective}} tissues of the body
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::endoderm}} is the the inner most germ layer and forms the epithelial lining and associated glands of the gut, lungs, and urogenital tra…
Published	07/28/2024	Cells on the epiblast hit a midline called the {{c1::primitive streak}} where they will be forced downward to differentiate into the germ layers
Published	07/28/2024	At gastrulation, the {{c1::hypoblast}} is replaced by embryonic {{c2::endoderm}}, then {{c3::mesoderm}} is formed next
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::notochord}} develops from mesoderm arising from cells that passed directly through the primitive node and migrated cranially along the …
Published	07/28/2024	At gastrulation, which layer is replaced?
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::primitive node}} positions the primitive streak for gastrulation, patterns the forming mesoderm, and induces neural differentiation
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::notochord}} which develops from {{c1::mesoderm}} patterns the overlying ectoderm and underlying endoderm
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::anterior visceral endoderm}} secretes factors that induce head formation thus defects cause holoprosencephaly
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Published	07/28/2024	In embryonic spacial nomencalature, {{c1::cranial}} means toward the head
Published	07/28/2024	In embryonic spacial nomencalature, {{c1::rostral}} means toward the nose
Published	07/28/2024	In embryonic spacial nomencalature, {{c1::caudal}} means toward the tail
Published	07/28/2024	In embryonic spacial nomencalature, {{c1::dorsal}} means toward the back
Published	07/28/2024	In embryonic spacial nomencalature, {{c1::ventral}} means toward the belly
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::primitive node}} induces nearby ectoderm to become the {{c2::neural plate}} via BMP-4 antagonists
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Ectoderm}} exposed to {{c3::BMP-4}} develops into {{c2::skin}}
Published	07/28/2024	The primitive node secretes {{c1::BMP-4 antagonists}} that allow for a region of the ectoderm to develop into {{c2::nervous tissue}}
Published	07/28/2024	Noggin, chordin, and follistatin are examples of?
Published	07/28/2024	Defects in {{c1::anterior visceral endoderm}} produce {{c2::holoprosencephaly}}, a condition of an impaired {{c2::midline}} cleave of the em…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Premature regression}} of the primitive streak (not enough gastrulation) leads to widespread loss of trunk and lower limb mesoderm in a conditio…
Published	07/28/2024	If the primitive streak {{c1::fails to regress}} (too much gastrulation), multipotent primitive streak cells can develop into multi-lineage tumors cal…
Published	07/28/2024	Neural induction occurs by inhibition of signaling by which pathway?
Published	07/28/2024	The Chorion is derived from the {{c1::trophoblast}}
Published	07/28/2024	The amnion is derived from the {{c1::epiblast}}
Published	07/28/2024	The yolk sac is derived from the {{c1::hypoblast}} and its function is to provide the embryo with {{c1::nutrients}} before the placenta is fully …
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::hypoblast}} gives rise to primitive endoderm which gives rise to {{c1::extraembryonic mesoderm}} that is the first site of {{c2::hematopoies…
Published	07/28/2024	Amniotic fluid {{c1::increases}} over time during gestation
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Polyhydramnios}} occurs when there is too much amniotic fluid, often a result of gut or swallowing defect or secondary to maternal diabetes caus…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Oligohydramnios}} occurs when there isn't enough amniotic fluid, often caused by renal defects
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Amniotic bands}} occur when the amnion ensnares parts of the fetus (usually a limb) and cause constriction or event amputation; it is often asso…
Published	07/28/2024	Epiblast forms {{c1::all three}} germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) by {{c1::replacing}} the hypoblast during {{c1::gastrulation}}
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