Notes in Exam III

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Published	12/05/2024	What are the four main activities of the GI tract?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the two types of motility within the GI?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the most important secretion from the GI tract? Why?
Published	12/05/2024	What do complex carbohydrates, proteins, and fats break down into after/during digestion?
Published	12/05/2024	Where does digestion and absorption primarily occur?
Published	12/05/2024	From deep to superficial, what are the 4-ish layers of the GI wall?
Published	12/05/2024	Two nervous structures control the GI intrinsically. The {{c1::myenteric plexus}} controls {{c2::GI motility}}. The {{c1::submucosal plexus}}&nbs…
Published	12/05/2024	What action does the sympathetic and parasympathetic have on the GI, broadly?
Published	12/05/2024	Describe the flow of a GI endocrine hormone from its release to it's target GI structure(s)
Published	12/05/2024	What stimulates gastrin release, and what are it's effects?
Published	12/05/2024	What hormone is important for neutralizing the excess acid produced by gastrin?
Published	12/05/2024	{{c1::Cholecystokinin (CCK)}} is stimulated by {{c2::fat/protein in the GI}}, and it's effect is {{c2::slowing}}(speeding up/slowing) the GI, and…
Published	12/05/2024	After being absorbed into the blood, where do most nutrients go?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the function of the liver?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the 2 afferent and 2 efferent vessel types travelling through the liver?
Published	12/05/2024	There are two primary supportive cells in the Liver. The {{c1::Kupffer cell}} is important for {{c2::macrophage action}}. While {{c1::hepatocytes…
Published	12/05/2024	A common byproduct of protein breakdown is {{c1::ammonia}}, which is toxic. As such, it is converted into a less toxic form, {{c1::urea}}, before bein…
Published	12/05/2024	Most nutrients are absorbed into circulation via {{c1::countercurrent exchange}} in the villi. One nutrient class is not, however: {{c1::lipids}}…
Published	12/05/2024	While the {{c1::interstitial cells of cajal (ICC)}} produce {{c2::a basal nerve impulse in the GI}}, it's not strong enough to depolari…
Published	12/05/2024	GI hormone {{c1::ghrelin}} is released when {{c2::the stomach is empty}}, and secretion is decreased as {{c2::stretch receptors activate}}. …
Published	12/05/2024	How does the mid/hindgut GI muscle contraction rate change as food travels aborally?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the difference between hunger and appetite?
Published	12/05/2024	What's the purpose of masticating food?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the three stages of swallowing, and are which one is voluntary?
Published	12/05/2024	What causes the swallowing reflex?
Published	12/05/2024	Why would an elongated soft palate inhibit swallowing?
Published	12/05/2024	What causes primary and secondary esophageal peristalsis?
Published	12/05/2024	When a bolus of food distends any segment of the GI, contraction and relaxation are stimulated. Which of these actions occurs orally and aborally?
Published	12/05/2024	How does the esophagus structure change as you travel aborally? (In horses and pigs)
Published	12/05/2024	Why can't a horse allow gas or digesta orally from the stomach?
Published	12/05/2024	What species have a fully striated esophagus, and what is the benefit?
Published	12/05/2024	As you travel aborally, the number of sensory synapses in the esophagus {{c1::decreases}}
Published	12/05/2024	What causes relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter(LES)?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the three main functions of the stomach?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the primary action of the stomach body vs. the pylorus?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the most potent regulator of stomach emptying?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the two gastric promoters of stomach emptying?
Published	12/05/2024	What is Chyme?
Published	12/05/2024	There are 3 major hormones produced by the duodenum to inhibit gastric emptying. {{c1::Cholesystokinin}} and {{c1::Gastric inhibitory peptide}} b…
Published	12/05/2024	What occurs when intestinal mucosa is irritated?
Published	12/05/2024	How does peristalsis differ between the duodenum and jejunum?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the three major activities of the large intestine?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the functional mixing unit of the large intestine?
Published	12/05/2024	How do "mass movements" occur in the large intestine?
Published	12/05/2024	What organ and movement allows for filling of the cecum?
Published	12/05/2024	Stretch receptors in the stomach have 3 major reflexes associated with them. {{c1::Gastro-enteric}} reflex stimulates movement of material f…
Published	12/05/2024	What are the two sphincters of the anus, and what stimulates their relaxation?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the 6 steps of the defecation reflex?
Published	12/05/2024	During a fasting state, what occurs in the GI?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the 3 phases of the Migrating Myoelectric Complex (MMC)?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the consequence of the GI not clearing during a fast?
Published	12/05/2024	Describe the secretion fluid type of the salivary glands:Parotid: {{c1::Serous}}Zygomatic: {{c1::Mucous}}Sublingual: {{c1::Mixed}}Mandibualr: {{c1::Mi…
Published	12/05/2024	What are the two primary purposes/types of mucus in the GI?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the two actions that allow saliva to destroy bacteria?
Published	12/05/2024	What types of mucus are produced in the esophagus?
Published	12/05/2024	The 3 stomach regions secrete different things. The {{c1::cardia}} secretes {{c2::mucus}}, the {{c1::fundus}} secretes {{c2::acid}} and {{c2::pep…
Published	12/05/2024	There are three phases of gastric secretion. The {{c1::cephalic}} phase is stimulated by {{c2::smell}}, {{c2::taste}}, {{c2::sight of f…
Published	12/05/2024	What are the three secretagogues(secretory precursors) that increase acid secretion?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the pathway for gastric hydrogen proton pumps?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the 2 main methods of inhibiting a proton pump?
Published	12/05/2024	What digestive enzymes are present in saliva?
Published	12/05/2024	What gastric hormone is known for inhibiting acid release? (Party pooper hormone)
Published	12/05/2024	The primary hormone responsible for protection of the gastric mucosa is {{c1::prostoglandin E2}}. Its action {{c2::increases mucous secretion}}, {{c2:…
Published	12/05/2024	Which of COX hormones (COX-1 or COX-2) is a precursor for PGE2 (prostoglandin E2)?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the primary endocrine and exocrine action of the pancreas?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the outcomes of pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the four categories of digestive enzymes, and the prime example of each? (If applicable)
Published	12/05/2024	What is the inactive form of a digestive enzyme called, and how do they become activated?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the action of secretin, broadly?
Published	12/05/2024	The primary reaction for creating a pH buffer in the pancreas, and elsewhere, is the action of the {{c1::carbonic anhydrase}} enzyme. This can tu…
Published	12/05/2024	What type of transport is utilized to move bicarbonate into the pancreatic lumen, and what material is needed to do so?
Published	12/05/2024	What hormone stimulates release of digestive enzymes and bile into the duodenum?
Published	12/05/2024	What two molecule types make up a single bile salt molecule?
Published	12/05/2024	After iron is removed from heme, the remaining product is known as {{c1::biliverdin}}, which is then oxidized into {{c1::bilirubin}} before excretion
Published	12/05/2024	What is the composition of a micelle? Why are they important?
Published	12/05/2024	Roughly what percent of bile salts are reabsorbed?
Published	12/05/2024	Before bicarbonate can be released from the pancreas, duodenal {{c1::brunner's glands}} offer protection from acid in the form of {{c1::alkaline mucou…
Published	12/05/2024	What are the primary secretions of intestinal crypts?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the primary reaction for breaking down food materials in the intestines? (Often aided by enzymes)
Published	12/05/2024	What are the 3 primary sources of carbohydrates?
Published	12/05/2024	What type of transport is required to absorb glucose into the mucosa?
Published	12/05/2024	What type of transport is required to absorb protein into the mucosa?
Published	12/05/2024	What percentage of proteins is broken down into amino acids before transport into the mucosa? What happens to the remainder?
Published	12/05/2024	What intestinal region are micelles primarily absorbed?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the steps that allow fats to be absorbed in the intestines, and ultimately deposited into tissues?
Published	12/05/2024	Where is the primary location of water resorption?
Published	12/05/2024	How are electrolyte and water concentration gradients related in the GI?
Published	12/05/2024	Why is absorption of nutrients less prevalent in the large intestine?
Published	12/05/2024	What hormone controls water and electrolyte resorption in the large intestine?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the primary component of feces?
Published	12/05/2024	What causes osmotic diarrhea, broadly?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the most common mechanism of diarrhea?
Published	12/05/2024	Broadly, what is the mechanism of infectious diarrhea?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the mechanism of secretory diarrhea?
Published	12/05/2024	Describe the general difference between vomiting and regurgitation
Published	12/05/2024	What is the generalized GI muscle movement associated with emesis/vomiting?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the two nervous triggers of the emetic center?
Published	12/05/2024	The primary control center of vomiting is the {{c1::emetic center}}. In the presence of {{c2::a bloodborne toxin or vestibular condition}}, this struc…
Published	12/05/2024	Why is cholesterol important?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the three VFAs produced in the cecum of a horse?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the two types of large intestine feces in rabbits?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the broad difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?
Published	12/05/2024	Name or define the pancreatic islet cell or its product{{c1::Alpha cells}}: {{c2::glucagon}}{{c1::Beta cells}}: {{c2::insulin}}{{c1::Delta cells}}: {{…
Published	12/05/2024	Can inherited diabetes take the form of type I, II, or both?
Published	12/05/2024	During diabetic ketoacidosis, what energy source is being converted to glucose, and what is the actual energy source being used?
Published	12/05/2024	What are the three primary symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Published	12/05/2024	What is the general action of GLP-1 (Glucagon-like-peptide 1)?
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