Notes in EEG

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Abnormal EEG
EEG Basics
Normal Sleep EEG

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	04/01/2024	EEG (electroencephalogram) uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure brain electrical activity, BY {{c1::COMPARING ONE ELECTRODE TO ANOTHER}}
Published	04/01/2024	Montages (the {{c1::lens}} through which you view the data)
Published	04/01/2024	A-P Bipolar Montage:  Good “all-around” montage.  Best to compare {{c1::anterior vs. posterior}}. Compares {{c1::pairs of electrodes to one …
Published	04/01/2024	Average Reference: Compares all electrodes individually to {{c1::the same, single fixed point of reference}}.  Abnormal electrode is the {{c1::“b…
Published	04/01/2024	Transverse montage:  Best to compare {{c1::side to side}}.  Field points {{c1::TOWARD::toward or away}} from the abnormal electrode.
Published	04/01/2024	THE EEG BACKGROUNDFrequency/rhythm: {{c1::the speed of the EEG waves}}. There is no inherently “correct” or “incorrect” wave, it depends on the {…
Published	04/01/2024	THE EEG BACKGROUND:Normal PDRs (by age): -3 months = at least {{c1::3}}Hz -1 year = {{c2::5-6}}Hz -3 years ={{c3::8}} Hz >8 years = {{c4::> 8.5}…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c2::Blinking}}:  Big symmetric {{c1::downward::downward or upward}} deflection in frontal/eye leads, b/c eyes {{c3::roll up in head}} when you …
Published	04/01/2024	EEG - Eye movement:  Look at {{c1::F7 and F8::which leads}}.  Eyes up = {{c2::downward::upward or downward}} deflection, eyes down = {{c2::u…
Published	04/01/2024	Muscle artifact: {{c2::Dark super-fast squiggly}} lines, or big deflections in one lead without a {{c1::field change or effect}} on other leads
Published	04/01/2024	SLEEP:{{c3::Stage 1 (drowsiness)}}:  {{c2::Central vertex waves::____waves}}, slow lateral eye movements, alpha waves <50% of epoch, intermitt…
Published	04/01/2024	Stage 2 (real sleep): {{c1::K complexes}} ({{c2::central-maximum big diphasic slow wave followed by spindles}}) and {{c2::spindles}} (central runs of …
Published	04/01/2024	Stage 3-4 Sleep:  {{c1::Delta and theta slowing}}, >{{c2::50::#}}% of recording.
Published	04/01/2024	REM Sleep: Rapid eye movements, muscles paralyzed, occasional runs of {{c1::alpha}}. {{c2::Central sawtooth}} waves.
Published	04/01/2024	Ways to sort out that something on the EEG is abnormal: Is it different than the rest of patient’s background (look odd, bigger, etc)?  Is the …
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Sleep spindles}} are symmetric bursts of {{c1::12-14}} Hz activity arising from the reticular nucleus of the {{c1::thalamus}…
Published	04/01/2024	Slow wave sleep is marked by {{c1::high amplitude, synchronized delta activity::2 things}}, usually {{c1::0.5-2::#}} Hz in frequency.&n…
Published	04/01/2024	Sleep is a series of four phases:{{c1:: stage I, stage II, slow wave sleep, rapid eye movement (REM)}}
Published	04/01/2024	Stage I sleep is marked by {{c1::vertex waves}} and {{c1::positive occipital sharp transients of sleep (POSTS)}}
Published	04/01/2024	Stage II sleep is marked by {{c1::sleep spindles}} and {{c1::K complexes}}
Published	04/01/2024	Slow wave sleep is marked by {{c1::diffuse, synchronized delta activity}}
Published	04/01/2024	REM sleep has diffuse {{c1::attenuation of activity::regarding activity}} with {{c1::lateral eye}} movements in the frontal l…
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Published	04/01/2024	A chain is a {{c1::series of channels}}, usually corresponding to {{c2::a specific anatomic region (e.g. right temporal chain).}}
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Alpha Squeak}}: A brief, high frequency {{c2::0.5-1}} seconds after {{c2::eye closure}}.
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Published	04/01/2024	Benign epileptiform transients of sleep (BETS):Occur in stage {{c1::1 or 2 NREM}} sleep.usually {{c2::monophasic::phase}}, occasionally {{c2::diphasic…
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Published	04/01/2024	{{c2::Posterior dominant rhythm}}:Present in the awake state with eyes closed; attenuates with {{c1::eye opening}}. In other words, it is reactive to …
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Breach artifact}}: {{c3::increased amplitude}} of high and low frequencies occurring over {{c2::a skull defect such as that caused by craniotomy…
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Published	04/01/2024	Burst supression: periods of {{c1::generalized activity (the burst)}} interspersed with periods of {{c2::generalized voltage attenuation}}Tw…
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Published	04/01/2024	What are the (3) main differences between OXC and CBZ? Similarities:{{c4::Na+}} channel blockersMay exacerbate {{c3::generalized and myoclonic se…
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Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Sleep spindles}} are generated in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus.
Published	04/01/2024	What does this show? {{c1::Excessive fast (beta) activity in pt with benzo treatment}}
Published	04/01/2024	Abnormal activity:1. Spike: sharp ascending and descending (duration <70 msc)2. Sharp wave ({{c1::70–200::___to___ }} msc)3. Slow activity (>{{c…
Published	04/01/2024	Beta activity increases (excessive beta) with {{c1::benzodiazepines andbarbiturates.::2 drugs}}
Published	04/01/2024	Seizures with photic stimulation => {{c1::primary generalized epilepsy::what dx does this suggest}}
Published	04/01/2024	3-Hz spike and wave complex seen during absence seizure (pyknolepsy) --> increased with {{c1::hyperventilation and hypoglycemia::2 things}}
Published	04/01/2024	Temporal lobe epilepsy: {{c1::temporal lobe discharges better seen during sleep::best way to evaluate temporal lobe discharges}}
Published	04/01/2024	Triphasic waves = {{c1::hepatic (or renal)}} encephalopathy
Published	04/01/2024	Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) =>{{c1::stroke, herpesencephalitis::suggests what 2 conditions}}
Published	04/01/2024	Recommendations to Identify Interictal Epileptiform Discharges Waveforms differ in {{c1::duration (frequency)}} from the surrounding background activi…
Published	04/01/2024	Key differences between SUNA and SUNCT:Both are short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms, but SUNCT requ…
Published	04/01/2024	Lambda waves:Awake equivalent: {{c1::POSTS (basically awake POSTS)}}What do lambda waves indicate: {{c2::patient is scanning with their eyes/watc…
Published	04/01/2024	Normal Stuff, variants, and Artifacts:Positive occipital sleep transients(POSTs): {{c1::sail-}}shaped, in {{c2::posterior}} leads.  Occur at…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Mu waves}}: frontocentral alpha rhythm that disappears when pt. opens and closes contralateral hands.
Status	Last Update	Fields