Notes in BCM_B3

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Published	12/02/2024	The proximal structures of the lower respiratory tract are lined with what type of epithelial cells?A. Pseudostratified ciliated squamous cellsB. Pseu…
Published	12/02/2024	Type II pneumocytes are granular cuboidal cells responsible for secreting surfactants in the alveoli. Approximately how much of the alveolar surface d…
Published	12/02/2024	The following are characteristics of elastin except:A. Rich in glycine and lysine residuesB. Devoid of carbohydratesC. Contains repeating units of Gly…
Published	12/02/2024	Lysyl oxidase catalyzes the conversion of lysine into allysine which are ultimately cross-linked to form desmosine. Which functional group of lysine d…
Published	12/02/2024	Desmosine is a tetrafunctional cross-linked structure unique to elastin. It is formed by which of the following?A. 1 Allysine and 3 lysine residues bo…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following agent:function pairs is incorrect?A. Elastase: breaks down elastinB. Alpha-1 antitrypsin: breaks down elastinC. Matrix Metallop…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following secretory mucin types is not distributed in the lungs?A. MUC2B. MUC4C. MUC5ACD. MUC5B
Published	12/02/2024	Mucin has a high O-linked oligosaccharide content found in the tandem repeat sequences. These are sugars attached to the mucin backbone via an oxygen …
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine?A. Choline kinaseB. CTP-choline cytidylyltransferaseC…
Published	12/02/2024	Fetal lungs primarily secrete sphingomyelin as their primary surfactant before the 28th week of gestation. Which of the following structures is not fo…
Published	12/02/2024	The iron atom in the heme group of hemoglobin is coordinated to:A. Four nitrogens in the porphyrin ring and one histidine residueB. Three nitrogens an…
Published	12/02/2024	The sigmoidal oxygen-binding curve of hemoglobin is due to:A. Cooperative binding of oxygen moleculesB. The presence of myoglobinC. Iron oxidationD. R…
Published	12/02/2024	Myoglobin's oxygen dissociation curve is:A. SigmoidalB. LinearC. HyperbolicD. Parabolic
Published	12/02/2024	The Bohr effect describes:A. The increase in oxygen binding with high pH and low CO2B. The reduction in oxygen binding with low pH and low CO2C. The i…
Published	12/02/2024	Which molecule stabilizes the T-state of hemoglobin, promoting oxygen release?A. ATPB. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)C. NAD+D. FADH2
Published	12/02/2024	A right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve WILL NOT be observed when:A. ↑ pCO2B. ↓ pHC. ↑ 2,3-DPGD. ↓ Temp
Published	12/02/2024	Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has a higher oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobin (HbA) because:A. It has a different heme groupB. It does not bind 2,3-BPG as…
Published	12/02/2024	Hemoglobin S, associated with sickle cell anemia, results from:A. Loss of one of the alpha or beta chains of hemoglobinB. Ferrous (Fe2+) iron of the h…
Published	12/02/2024	Myoglobin differs from hemoglobin because:A. It binds more oxygen moleculesB. It transports carbon dioxideC. It is a tetramerD. It does not have quate…
Published	12/02/2024	When hemoglobin is deoxygenated, it predominantly exists in:A. The R stateB. The T stateC. A denatured formD. The oxyhemoglobin state
Published	12/02/2024	A fatty acid is a naturally occurring _____ acid that nearly always contains an _____ number of carbon atoms with a carbon chain that is _____.A. dica…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following best describe the physical properties of fatty acids?A. All physical properties of fatty acids are influenced by the length and…
Published	12/02/2024	The backbone of a triglyceride is __________.A. a three-carbon molecule with an aldehyde and two hydroxyl groups.B. a three-carbon molecule with three…
Published	12/02/2024	Triacylglycerols are _____ in their ability to store energy when compared to glycogen, the energy storing form of glucose in the human body.A. equally…
Published	12/02/2024	The essential fatty acids are ________.A. linoleic and palmitoleic acids.B. linoleic and β-linoleic acids.C. omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.D. steari…
Published	12/02/2024	The carbon chain of a saturated fatty acid ________.A. forms hydrogen bonds with itself.B. has a repeating backbone of sugars and phosphates.C. has no…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following characteristics are not shared by lipid bilayer and micelle?A. Both are composed of phospholipidsB. Both have a hydrophilic ext…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is not a phosphatidic derivative?A. LecithinB. CephalinC. CardiolipinD. Cerebroside
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is false regarding cholesterol?A. It is composed of four hexagonal ringsB. They are hydrophobicC. The OH group at C3 is esterif…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following enzymes in lipid digestion produces a free glycerol molecule upon catalysis?A. Lingual lipaseB. Gastric lipaseC. Pancreatic est…
Published	12/02/2024	Where are bile salts produced?A. In liver hepatocytesB. In kidney nephrocytes C. In the spleenD. In the bladder
Published	12/02/2024	Which phospholipase is responsible for the formation of phosphatidic acid when cleaving phospholipids?A. Phospholipase A1B. Phospholipase A2C. Phospho…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following hormones would lead to activation of hormone-sensitive lipases (HSL)?A. InsulinB. VasopressinC. Prostaglandin ED. Nicotinic Aci…
Published	12/02/2024	Which protein is responsible for the storage and binding of fatty acids in the plasma?A. AlbuminB. Acyl-Binding ProteinC. HaptoglobinD. Fibrinogen
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following fatty acids would require the carnitine shuttle to pass through the mitochondrial membrane?A. Butyric acid (C4)B. Behenic acid …
Published	12/02/2024	What is the difference between carnitine acyltransferases found in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes?A. The enzyme in the outer membrane use…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following enzymes in beta-oxidation is enantiospecific, leading to the formation of only one stereoisomer?A. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenaseB. Eno…
Published	12/02/2024	Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes which of the following reactions?A. Formation of a double bond between the beta and gamma carbon of a fatty acyl-CoA …
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding beta-oxidation?A. The beta-oxidation of a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid will have a net yield of …
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following enzymes require NADPH as a cofactor?A. Propionyl  CoA carboxylaseB. L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenaseC. 2,4-dienoyl CoA re…
Published	12/02/2024	What is the protein responsible for carrying fatty acids into the peroxisome?A. ALD proteinB. CarnitineC. AlbuminD. Carnitine-Acylcarnitine translocas…
Published	12/02/2024	A defective phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase enzyme would lead to which disease?A. Zellweger SyndromeB. Pernicious AnemiaC. Refsum’s DiseaseD. Megaloblastic …
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme is responsible for the hydroxylation of the omega-carbon in omega-oxidation?A. Acyl-CoA synthetaseB. Mixed function oxidaseC. Alcohol deh…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following reactions is known to be the rate-limiting step of ketogenesis?A. Condensation of 2 Acetyl-CoA moleculesB. Formation of HMG CoA…
Published	12/02/2024	What is the predominant ketone body in the blood and urine in ketosis?A. D-β-hydroxybutyrate B. AcetoneC. AcetoacetateD. Acetyl CoA
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following enzymes requires ATP to catalyze its reaction?A. Biotin carboxylaseB. Carboxyl transferaseC. Ketoacyl synthaseD. Ketoacyl reduc…
Published	12/02/2024	How much ATP is required to produce one palmitate molecule?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme is responsible for cleavage of citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA in the cytosol?A. Citrate synthaseB. Citrate lyaseC. Tricarboxyla…
Published	12/02/2024	The NADPH used in lipogenesis can be obtained at which source/s?A. Pentose Phosphate PathwayB. Conversion of malate to pyruvate via NADP malate dehydr…
Published	12/02/2024	How much NADPH would be required for the production of a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid?A. 10B. 12C. 14D. 16
Published	12/02/2024	What bond is formed upon the action of acetyl transacylase?A. PhosphodiesterB. ThioesterC. GlycosidicD. Peptide
Published	12/02/2024	The Acyl Carrier Protein requires which prosthetic group for the attachment of malonyl groups?A. NADHB. NADPHC. 4’-phosphopantetheineD. Cyanocobalamin
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following enzymes can be found in both beta oxidation and fatty acid elongation?A. ThiolaseB. Malonyl transacylaseC. Fatty acid elongaseD…
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme is responsible for the condensation of malonyl CoA with acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 as a by-product?A. Biotin decarboxylaseB. Ketoacyl synt…
Published	12/02/2024	Which cofactor is required for the conversion of a double bond to a single bond catalyzed by enoyl reductase?A. NADHB. FADH2C. NADPHD. FMN
Published	12/02/2024	Which domain of fatty acid synthase will not be activated until palmitate is formed?A. Domain 1B. Domain 2C. Domain 3D. Domain 4
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the regulation of fatty acid synthesis?A. Both glucagon and palmitate inhibit fatty acid synthesi…
Published	12/02/2024	At which organelle does fatty acid elongation occur?A. CytosolB. Golgi apparatusC. Rough ERD. Smooth ER
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of a saturated fatty acyl-CoA into a monounsaturated fatty acyl–CoA?A. Fatty acid elongaseB. Fatty acyl…
Published	12/02/2024	Which unsaturated fatty acid can be synthesized by animals?A. (18:2,Δ9,12)B. (16:2,Δ5,9)C. (18:3,Δ9,12,15)D. (21:2,Δ15,18)
Published	12/02/2024	In the TAG synthesis pathway, if we were to start with glycerol and three free fatty acids, how many ATP molecules (not equivalents) is required to pr…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements is true regarding lipid classification?A. Glycerophospholipids contain a sphingosine backbone and a phosphate group.…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about phosphatidylinositol is true?A. It is a storage lipid found in adipose tissue.B. It is a precursor for seconda…
Published	12/02/2024	A Glycolipid was isolated and hydrolyzed into individual amino acid. It contains sphingosine, fatty acid, and a phosphate group attached with glucose …
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about eicosanoids is true?A. They are derived from palmitic acid.B. Leukotrienes are synthesized via the cyclooxygen…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about arachidonic acid is true?A. It is directly synthesized from saturated fatty acids.B. It is primarily stored in…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about sphingolipidoses is true?A. They are caused by excessive synthesis of sphingolipids.B.They result from enzymat…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about phospholipases is true?A. Phospholipase A₂ cleaves the SN1 position of phospholipids.B. Phospholipase C remove…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about ether glycerolipids is true?A. They are synthesized in mitochondria.B. They lack a phosphate group in their st…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following correctly differentiates between the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine?A. Both require activated CDP-chol…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following conditions arises from impaired plasmalogen biosynthesis in peroxisomes?A. Gaucher’s diseaseB. Tay-Sachs diseaseC. Rhizomelic c…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between sphingolipidoses and enzyme deficiency?A. Niemann-Pick disease – Alpha-galactosid…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following combinations of enzymes is directly involved in arachidonic acid release and metabolism?A. Cyclooxygenase and phospholipase A2B…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about glucocerebroside is true?A. It is a precursor for ganglioside synthesis.B. It accumulates in Niemann-Pick dise…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following enzymes is inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?A. Phospholipase A2B. CyclooxygenaseC. LipoxygenaseD. Pro…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about cardiolipin is true?A. It is synthesized in the cytosol.B. It is found predominantly in the plasma membrane.C.…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements is true regarding the mechanism of action of Orlistat?A. Orlistat inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity in the intest…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is trueA. VLDL is derived from ChylomicronsB. HDL contains the largest amount of free cholesterolC. Chylomicrons contain the hi…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is not part of a lipoprotein?A. Free cholesterolB. TriglyceridesC. PhospholipidsD. Sphingolipids
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following apoproteins is only found in chylomicrons?A. B48B. B100C. AID. AII
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is true about the exogenous cycle?A. Fatty acid is absorbed from the intestine and travel through the blood and into the liverB…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is false regarding the endogenous cycle?A. The liver produces VLDLB. VLDL is hydrolyzed to form IDLC. IDL is hydrolyzed to form…
Published	12/02/2024	HDL gives off what protein/s to different lipoproteins for activation?A. ApoCIIB. ApoCIIIC. Both are usedD. Both are not used
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following apoproteins in VLDL is recognized by LPL?A. ApoCIIB. ApoCIIIC. ApoAID. ApoAII
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following enzyme of HDL picks up cholesterols from the cell membraneA. Cholesterol Ester Transfer ProteinB. Cholesterol Ester Transacetyl…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is not a function of LDLA. OxidationB. InflammationC. HemostasisD. Vasodilation
Published	12/02/2024	The tunica intima of an atherosclerotic vessel is composed of what?A. LDLB. MonocytesC. Cholesterol estersD. All of the above
Published	12/02/2024	How does HDL prevent dyslipidemia?A. It scrapes away LDL from the artery wallsB. Reverses cholesterol transportC. Removes lipid peroxidesD. All of the…
Published	12/02/2024	Lipase deficiency is what familial type?A. Type IB. Type IIC. Type IIID. Type IV
Published	12/02/2024	A child comes into the clinic and was diagnosed with arcus juvenilis. Where do you expect to find discoloration in the person’s eye?A. PupilB. IrisC. …
Published	12/02/2024	Tendon xanthomas is commonly found in what part of the body?A. Rotator cuff tendonB. Quadriceps tendonC. Achilles tendonD. Biceps tendon
Published	12/02/2024	What is the physiologic significance of Lipoprotein A (LPA)?A. Increased LPA is associated with lower risk of CVDB. Increased LPA is associated with h…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is considered as bad cholesterol?A. HDLB. LDLC. IDLD. VLDL
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following proteins is responsible for the uptake of cholesterol in enterocytes?A. NPC1L1B. ABCG5/G8C. ACATD. Carnitine shuttle
Published	12/02/2024	What is the rate-limiting step of mevalonate synthesis?A. Condensation of 2 acetyl-CoA molecules to form acetoacetyl-CoAB. Synthesis of HMG CoAC. Redu…
Published	12/02/2024	How many ATP molecules are required for isoprenoid unit formation from mevalonate?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate from mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate?A. Mevalonate-5-phosphotransferaseB. Phosphomevalona…
Published	12/02/2024	How many isoprenoid units is required to form one molecule of farnesyl pyrophosphateA. 3 isopentenyl pyrophosphate moleculesB. 1 dimethylallyl pyropho…
Published	12/02/2024	Squalene formation requires the fusion of two farnesyl pyrophosphate molecules via which mechanism?A. Head-to-tail condensationB. Tail-to-tail condens…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following steps does not require NADPH as a cofactor?A. Synthesis of lanosterol from squalene oxideB. Synthesis of cholesterol from lanos…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following intermediates in cholesterol formation is associated with Alzheimer’s disease?A. LanosterolB. ZymosterolC. 14-Demethyl lanoster…
Published	12/02/2024	What protein binds to the sterol regulatory element portion of the DNA, leading to an increase in HMG CoA reductase gene transcription rate?A. SREBPB.…
Published	12/02/2024	How do high levels of sterol molecules affect cholesterol synthesis?A. High levels of sterols trigger attachment of ubiquitin molecules to HMG-CoA red…
Published	12/02/2024	The Smith Lemli Opitz Syndrome is due to the deficiency of which enzyme?A. HMG CoA reductaseB. Prenyl transferaseC. Squalene monooxygenaseD. 7-dehydro…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements are true regarding bile acids?A. They are 24-carbon-containing compounds produced after cholesterol metabolism.B. Th…
Published	12/02/2024	What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of cholesterol to 7α-Hydrocholesterol?A. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylaseB. 7-dehydrocholesterol reductaseC. P…
Published	12/02/2024	Glycocholic acid can be produced from?A. Cholic acid + taurineB. Cholic acid + glycineC. Chenodeoxycholic acid + taurineD. Chenodeoxycholic acid + gly…
Published	12/02/2024	What test can be used to detect bile salts?A. Molisch's testB. Hay's testC. Fehling's testD. Benedict's test
Published	12/02/2024	Ezetimibe is a drug used to treat hyperlipidemia through which mechanism?A. By lowering cholesterol and VLDL synthesisB. By increasing bile excretionC…
Published	12/02/2024	What is the primary role of the amino acid pool in metabolism?a. Energy storageb. Hormone productionc. Protein synthesisd. Excretion of nitrogen
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme is the rate-limiting step of the urea cycle?a. Argininosuccinate lyaseb. Ornithine transcarbamoylasec. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (…
Published	12/02/2024	What cofactor is required for transamination reactions?a. Biotinb. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)c. NAD+d. FAD
Published	12/02/2024	If an individual has a mutation affecting arginase, what would you expect to observe in their amino acid profile?a. Increased levels of arginine and a…
Published	12/02/2024	How does ammonia produced by gut bacteria enter systemic circulation, and why must it be detoxified in the liver?a. Ammonia diffuses into the bloodstr…
Published	12/02/2024	Which amino acid primarily transports nitrogen from muscle to the liver?a. Glutamineb. Alaninec. Aspartated. Tyrosine
Published	12/02/2024	Which vitamin deficiency can impair transamination reactions?a. Vitamin B1b. Vitamin B6c. Vitamin B12d. Vitamin C
Published	12/02/2024	What is the main nitrogenous waste product in humans?a. Ammoniab. Uric acidc. Uread. Creatinine
Published	12/02/2024	Why is fumarate recycling crucial for the urea cycle's efficiency?a. It provides substrates for transamination reactions in the liver.b. It links the …
Published	12/02/2024	Which amino acid does NOT undergo transamination?a. Alanineb. Aspartatec. Lysined. Glutamate
Published	12/02/2024	During prolonged fasting, why do urea levels initially increase but decrease after several days?a. Initial protein catabolism releases amino acids for…
Published	12/02/2024	What stimulates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I?a. N-acetylglutamateb. ATPc. Fumarated. Citrulline
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following processes produces ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) during amino acid metabolism?a. Oxidative deamination of glutamateb. Transamination of …
Published	12/02/2024	In the urea cycle, what enzyme cleaves argininosuccinate into fumarate and arginine?a. Arginaseb. Ornithine transcarbamoylasec. Argininosuccinate synt…
Published	12/02/2024	Elevated levels of argininosuccinate in the blood indicate which enzymatic defect, and what metabolic outcome would be expected?a. Argininosuccinate l…
Published	12/02/2024	What molecule activates the synthesis of N-acetylglutamate, which in turn stimulates CPS1 activity?a. Ornithineb. Argininec. Citrullined. Aspartate
Published	12/02/2024	PLP acts as the coenzyme for all transamination reactions of amino acids and is therefore named the quintessential enzyme for amino acid metabolism. W…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following amino acids can be directly catabolized into pyruvate?A. GlutamateB. MethionineC. PhenylalanineD. Cysteine
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following amino acids can be catabolized into either glucose or ketone bodies?A. LysineB. AlanineC. PhenylalanineD. Histidine
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following TCA intermediates is a product of aspartate-pyruvate transamination?A. α-ketoglutarateB. Succinyl-CoAC. MalateD. Oxaloacetate
Published	12/02/2024	The deamidation of glutamine produces free ammonium ion and glutamate. This irreversible reaction is catalyzed by which enzyme?A. PLPB. GlutamidaseC. …
Published	12/02/2024	What is the main reason why proline does not directly participate in transamination reactions?A. Because proline has no amino group to begin with and …
Published	12/02/2024	Which metabolite of histidine catabolism can be detected in urine and is clinically used to diagnose folic acid (vitamin B9) deficiency?A. UrocanateB.…
Published	12/02/2024	Accumulation of glyoxylate in the body and its subsequent oxidation into oxalates can cause the formation of kidney stones which can lead to renal dam…
Published	12/02/2024	The transamination of serine to pyruvate yields hydroxypyruvate and which amino acid?A. CysteineB. AlanineC. GlutamateD. Glycine
Published	12/02/2024	What is the fate of the sulfur atom in the catabolism of cysteine via the cysteine sulfinate pathway?A. It is excreted in urine as ureaB. It is incorp…
Published	12/02/2024	Alanine catabolism is simply the reverse reaction of aspartate transamination with pyruvate using a different enzyme, ALT. Aspartate transaminase (AST…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is the major catabolic product of threonine?A. PyruvateB. Succinyl CoAC. Acetyl CoAD. Glycine
Published	12/02/2024	Phenylalanine is a non-essential amino acid while tyrosine is an essential amino acid. Tyrosine can be synthesized via hydroxylation of phenylalanine.…
Published	12/02/2024	Type IV or V phenylketonuria arises from which deficiency?A. Phenylalanine hydroxylaseB. Quinonoid dihydrobiopterin  C. Dihydrobiopterin red…
Published	12/02/2024	The regeneration of methionine via homocysteine requires which of the following cofactors?A. Pyridoxal phosphateB. TetrahydrofolateC. Tetrahydrobiopte…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following catabolic products is common to both leucine and isoleucine?A. Acetyl CoAB. Propionyl CoAC. AcetoacetateD. Oxaloacetate
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following enzymes are not reversible?A. Proline DehydrogenaseB. Glutamine SynthetaseC. Glycine AminotransferaseD. Serine Hydroxymethyltra…
Published	12/02/2024	Serine is derived from what intermediate of the glycolysis pathway?A. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerateB. 3-phosphoglycerateC. 2-phosphoglycerateD. Glyceraldehy…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following does the transamination of alanine and pyruvate not participate in?A. Glutamate synthesisB. Aspartate synthesisC. Glycine synth…
Published	12/02/2024	A person is diagnosed to have a deficiency in a group of enzymes that can synthesize glutamate. Which of the ff is also affected because of this defic…
Published	12/02/2024	A person has a deficiency in G3P Dehydrogenase, affecting the formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and all downstream produts. However, acetyl-CoA is …
Published	12/02/2024	Glutamate can also be synthesized from the catabolism of what essential amino acid?A. PhenylalanineB. ThreonineC. HistidineD. Methionine
Published	12/02/2024	A patient has a disorder that shuts down aspartate synthesis. What other amino acid is affected?A. ArginineB. AlanineC. GlutamateD. Glycine
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following AA synthesis does not involve PLP in any of its steps?A. SerineB. AspartateC. GlutamateD. Cysteine
Published	12/02/2024	Cystathionine β-synthase deficiency is caused by a deficiency in which vitamin?A. Vitamin B1B. Vitamin B4C. Vitamin B6D. Vitamin B9
Published	12/02/2024	What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of dihydrobiopterin to tetrahydropterin?A. Dihydropteridine reductaseB. Dihydropteridine oxidaseC. Dihydropteridi…
Published	12/02/2024	The enzyme needed for the demethylation of serine requires which cofactor/s?A. TetrahydrofolateB. PLPC. Both A and BD. Neither A or B
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following pathways does not require ATP for it to occur?A. Asparagine synthesisB. Glutamate synthesisC. Proline synthesisD. Serine synthe…
Published	12/02/2024	What would happen to the rate of methionine degradation as you increase your dietary intake of cysteine?A. It would increaseB. It would decreaseC. It …
Published	12/02/2024	How many NADPH molecules are required to synthesize proline from glutamate?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4
Published	12/02/2024	What is/are the possible fates of sulfur in cysteine degradation?A. Excreted in urine as sulfuric acidB. Transforms into an intermediate that acts as …
Published	12/02/2024	A deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase would lead to the accumulation of which compound?A. TyrosineB. PhenylalanineC. NAD+D. NOTA
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about Phenylketonuria (PKU) is TRUE?A. It is an autosomal dominant disorder.B. It results in the accumulation of tyr…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about PKU is TRUE?A. PKU is caused by a deficiency in tyrosine hydroxylase.B. Patients with PKU have increased melan…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is TRUE?A. MSUD results from a deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase.B. MSU…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about homocystinuria is TRUE?A. It is caused by a deficiency in homogentisate oxidase.B. Homocystinuria results in e…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about phenylalanine metabolism is TRUE?A. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine via aminotransferase.B. PKU results…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about Alkaptonuria symptoms is TRUE?A. Patients have pale skin due to reduced melanin synthesis.B. Homogentisic acid…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about the newborn screening test (NBS) is TRUE?A. NBS is performed at birth to detect congenital diseases.B. NBS inc…
Published	12/02/2024	A 2-day-old neonate presents with feeding difficulties and a burnt sugar odor in the urine. The infant’s plasma amino acid analysis reveals elevated l…
Published	12/02/2024	A 4-year-old boy with light hair, fair skin, and developmental delays is brought to the clinic. His parents mention a musty odor from his sweat and ur…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following enzymes is deficient in Alkaptonuria?A. Phenylalanine hydroxylaseB. Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenaseC. Homogentisate 1,…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following enzymes requires thiamine as a cofactor?A. Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenaseB. Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenaseC. Phenylala…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about PKU and aspartame is TRUE?A. Aspartame is safe for PKU patients in limited amountsB. Aspartame contains phenyl…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following statements about the treatment of MSUD is TRUE?A. Treatment involves restricting phenylalanine in the diet.B. Thiamine suppleme…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is the major toxic metabolite accumulated in Alkaptonuria?A. PhenylpyruvateB. PhenylacetateC. Homogentisic acidD. Cystathionine
Published	12/02/2024	What is the key organic component of the heme group?A. ProtoporphyrinB. BilirubinC. GlobinD. Succinyl-CoA
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of heme synthesis?A. FerrochelataseB. ALA synthaseC. Protoporphyrinogen oxidaseD. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
Published	12/02/2024	What inhibits ALA dehydratase in lead poisoning?A. Iron deficiencyB. Sulfhydryl group bindingC. Excess bilirubinD. Porphyrin accumulation
Published	12/02/2024	What is the distinguishing feature of porphyrins in their UV-visible spectra?A. Fluorescence under green lightB. Absorption band at 400 nmC. Formation…
Published	12/02/2024	Which organ synthesizes most of the body’s heme?A. LiverB. KidneyC. Bone marrowD. Spleen
Published	12/02/2024	What is the immediate precursor of bilirubin in heme catabolism?A. UrobilinogenB. ProtoporphyrinC. BiliverdinD. Hemoglobin
Published	12/02/2024	What is the primary cause of jaundice?A. High oxygen levels in the bloodB. Excessive bilirubin in tissuesC. Reduced urobilinogen levelsD. Increased po…
Published	12/02/2024	What type of bilirubin is water-soluble?A. Unconjugated bilirubinB. Conjugated bilirubinC. ProtoporphyrinD. Hemoglobin-bound bilirubin
Published	12/02/2024	What is the main site of unconjugated bilirubin conjugation?A. KidneyB. IntestineC. LiverD. Spleen
Published	12/02/2024	Which disease is caused by a defect in uroporphyrinogen III synthase?A. Gilbert syndromeB. Congenital erythropoietic porphyriaC. Lead poisoningD. Crig…
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme is most sensitive to heavy metal poisoning like lead?A. Uroporphyrinogen synthaseB. ALA dehydrataseC. FerrochelataseD. Biliverdin reducta…
Published	12/02/2024	What is the role of biliverdin reductase in heme catabolism?A. Converts heme to biliverdinB. Reduces biliverdin to bilirubinC. Oxidizes biliverdin to …
Published	12/02/2024	What causes the brown color of feces?A. StercobilinB. UrobilinogenC. BilirubinD. Porphyrin
Published	12/02/2024	What is a major clinical indicator of prehepatic jaundice?A. Elevated conjugated bilirubinB. Increased urobilinogen in urineC. Dark-colored urineD. Pa…
Published	12/02/2024	Which function of glutathione is described as aiding in the formation and maintenance of disulfide bonds?A. Enzyme cofactorB. Protein maintenanceC. Er…
Published	12/02/2024	How many ATP is used in the synthesis of glutathione from glutamate?A. 1 ATPB. 1.5 ATPC. 2 ATPD. 2.5 ATP
Published	12/02/2024	The following are amino acids incorporated into purine rings, EXCEPT: A. GlutamineB. GlutamateC. GlycineD. Aspartate
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is known as the dracula of hormones?A. MelaninB. MelatoninC. ThyroxineD. Norepinephrine
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following catecholamines is also known as 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine?A. NorepinephrineB. EpinephrineC. DopamineD. Serotonin
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following amino acids are the precursors of creatine-phosphate?A. Glutamine, ArginineB. Glutamine, AsparagineC. Glycine, AsparagineD. Gly…
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme acts on L-arginine forming urea and L-ornithine?A. ArginaseB. Ornithine transcarbamylaseC. Argininosuccinate synthetaseD. Arginine-succin…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following catecholamines is involved in sleep, wakefulness, attention, and feeding behavior?A. EpinephrineB. DopamineC. NorepinephrineD. …
Published	12/02/2024	Polyamine responsible for foul odors in decaying flesh, bad breath, and bacterial vaginosis?A. PutrescineB. SpermineC. SpermidineD. Asafoetida
Published	12/02/2024	What enzyme catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) from methionineA. Methionine methyl-transferaseB. S-adenosylmethionine synthaseC. Me…
Published	12/02/2024	Which of the following is not derived from an aromatic amino acid?A. HistamineB. SerotoninC. NorepinephrineD. Dopamine
Published	12/02/2024	Carnosinuria is described as theA. Absence of carnosine synthaseB. Absence of spermine synthaseC. Absence of carnosinaseD. High serum carnosinase acti…
Published	12/02/2024	Glycine is incorporated into the following, EXCEPT:A. PurinesB. CreatinineC. HemeD. Hippurate
Published	12/02/2024	L-tryptophan is used to produce:A. SerotoninB. HistamineC. MelaninD. Ceramide
Published	12/02/2024	Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of Dopa from tyrosine?A. DOPA decarboxylaseB. Dopamine b-oxidaseC. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseD. Tyros…
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