Notes in Pharm116-L04

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Published	09/17/2023	Triglycerides (triacylglycerols) is an ester derived from {{c1::glycerol}} and {{c1::three fatty acids}}. They are {{c1::hydrophobic}} and {{c1::water…
Published	09/17/2023	{{c1::Triglycerides}} is the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates.Constitute ~{{c1::90}}% of dietary lipids.
Published	09/17/2023	Triglycerides is the major component of {{c1::human skin oils}} and major form of {{c1::metabolic energy storage}} in humans.
Published	09/17/2023	Lipases are {{c1::soluble}} in aqeuous solution
Published	09/17/2023	Name of proteins for:Lipids={{c1::lipases}}Proteins={{c1::Protease}}Starch={{c1::Amylase}}
Published	09/17/2023	Bile salts are {{c1::steroid acids}} produced in {{c1::liver}} from {{c1::Cholesterol}} and secreted as {{c1::bile}}.They are stored in {{c1::gall bla…
Published	09/17/2023	(how to identify a steroid?)
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Published	09/17/2023	Unconjugated bile acids are {{c1::Cholic acid}} and {{c1::Chenodeoxycholic acid}}. pKa ~{{c2::5}}. pH of the duodenum is ~{{c2::4}}. Thus unconju…
Published	09/17/2023	(based on structure what is preferred as bile salt)
Published	09/17/2023	Conjugated bile acids:- {{c2::Glycocholic acid}} has pKa of ~{{c1::3.8}}- {{c2::Taurocholic acid}} has pKa of ~{{c1::2}}The pH of the duodenum is ~{{c…
Published	09/17/2023	The conjugated primary bile acid {{c1::taurocholic acid}} is a better emulsifying agent than {{c1::glycocholic acid}}.
Published	09/17/2023	Formation of Secondary Bile salts is done by {{c1::Intestinal bacteria}} that partially {{c1::dehydroxylate}} and remove {{c1::glycine}} and {{c1::tau…
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Published	09/17/2023	Gut bacteria forms secondary bile acids from primary by {{c1::removal of 7-OH}}.
Published	09/17/2023	Primary and Secondary bile acids can be reabsorbed back into the {{c2::blood stream}}, return to the {{c2::liver}}, and be re-secreted in a process kn…
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Published	09/17/2023	Why is lithocholic acid worst detergent?
Published	09/17/2023	{{c1::Cholestyramine}} is a {{c2::drug that decreases cholesterol level in the blood}}.
Published	09/17/2023	How does Cholestyramine relate to bile salts and Enterohepatic Circulation.
Published	09/17/2023	Cholestyramine lowers cholesterol since it has an Anion exchange resin (has {{c1::quaternary ammonium}} group attached to polymer).It then binds and s…
Published	09/17/2023	Enterohepatic Circulation:Cholestyramine has a Drug-Drug Interaction with {{c1::Statins}} because it decrease the effects of {{c1::Statins}}.Thus admi…
Published	09/17/2023	Enterohepatic Circulation: Drug ToxicologyImportant in toxicology as many lipophilic drugs undergo this process causing repeated {{c1::liver damage}}.…
Published	09/17/2023	Eicosanoids have {{c1::20}} carbons.
Published	09/17/2023	Eicosanoids are {{c1::signaling molecules}} synthesized by {{c1::oxidation}} of {{c2::arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (a…
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Published	09/17/2023	Eicosanoids are generated from arachidonic acid (eicosatetraenoic acid, C20: 4,Δ5,8,11,14 ω-6 acid)Arachidonic acid is {{c1::nonessential}} fatty…
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Published	09/17/2023	Arachidonic acid is released from {{c1::membrane phospholipids}} upon stimulus ({{c1::hormones and other signals}}) as starting material to synthesize…
Published	09/17/2023	Membrane phospholipids release arachidonic acid using two phospholipases. They are {{c1::Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)}} and {{c1::Phospholipase C…
Published	09/17/2023	Arachidonic acid reacts with {{c1::Lipoxygenases (LOX)}} to form {{c2::Leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4)}}.
Published	09/17/2023	{{c2::Leukotrienes}} are important in {{c1::inflammatory reponse}} but they cause {{c1::bronchoconstriction}}.
Published	09/17/2023	Leukotriene trigger {{c1::contractions}} in smooth muscles lining the {{c1::bronchioles}} (bind to {{c1::Leukotriene receptor}}). They also contribute…
Published	09/17/2023	{{c2::Montelukast (Singulair)}}: {{c1::Leukotriene receptor antagonist}}. (Hint: what does it do physiology)- Medication used in the treatment of {{c1…
Published	09/17/2023	Arachidonic acid reacts with {{c1::Cyclooxygenase (COX)}} to form {{c2::Prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2)}}.
Published	09/17/2023	Prostaglandins cause {{c1::inflammation}}.
Published	09/17/2023	Aspirin is a {{c1::COX inhibitor}}. Used to treat {{c1::Prostaglandins}}. Aspirin is also known an {{c1::Anti-inflammatory}} medication.
Published	09/17/2023	What is Aspirin's Mechanism of Action?Aspirin has {{c1::acetylsalicylic acid}} group that under goes {{c1::acetylation}} with the COX's…
Published	09/17/2023	What are the 2 COX inhibitors?1. {{c1::Aspirin}}2. {{c1::NSAIDs (reversible inhibitors)}}
Published	09/17/2023	From this image, explain why Aspirin can induce asthma.
Published	09/17/2023	When a patient is taking COX inhibitor medications, they might also be prescribed {{c1::Zileuton}}.
Published	09/17/2023	{{c2::Zileuton}}: {{c1::Inhibitor of lipoxygenase (inhibits leukotrienes formation)}}Medication is used for treatment of {{c1::asthma}}.
Published	09/17/2023	Arachidonic acid can react with COX to form PGH2.PGH2 can react with {{c1::PGI synthase}} to form PGI2.PGH2 can react with {{c1::TXA synthas…
Published	09/17/2023	Name two Thromboxanes (TX) molecules:1. {{c1::PGI2.}}2. {{c1::TXA2.}}
Published	09/17/2023	PGI2 inhibits {{c1::platelet aggregation}}. Occurs in {{c1::vascular endothelial}} cells.
Published	09/17/2023	TXA2 promotes {{c1::platelet aggregation}}. Occurs in {{c1::platelets}}.
Published	09/17/2023	Explain the Image: When aspirin inhibits COX, and blocks PGI2 and TXA2 they contradict each other why? and what is the solution or how does the…
Published	09/17/2023	The two types of Nucleic acids are (and what they do):1. {{c1::DNA (Deoxyribonuleic acid): Storage of genetic information}}2. {{c1::RNA (Ribonucleic a…
Published	09/17/2023	DNA/RNA are polymers of repeating units called {{c1::nucleotides}}.
Published	09/17/2023	Nucleotides are comprised of: {{c1::Nitrogenous base}}, {{c1::Sugar}}, {{c1::Phosphate Group}}
Published	09/17/2023	Name these nitrogenous base
Published	09/17/2023	Name these nitrogenous base
Published	09/17/2023	A {{c1::nucleoside}} is {{c2::Base}} plus {{c3::Sugar}}.
Published	09/17/2023	The two names of sugar in nucleosides are: {{c1::ribose}} and {{c1::2'-deoxyribose}}
Published	09/17/2023	Name
Published	09/17/2023	name
Published	09/17/2023	The nitrogenous base class Purine bonds with sugar to form a nucleoside on the {{c1::9th}} Nitrogen.
Published	09/17/2023	The nitrogenous base Pyrimidine class bonds with sugar to form a nucleoside on the {{c1::1st}} Nitrogen.
Published	09/17/2023	A nitrogenous base attaches to the {{c1::1'}} carbon of a sugar to form a nucleoside.
Published	09/17/2023	A {{c1::Nucleotide}} is {{c2::nucleoside}} plus {{c2::one or more Phosphate groups}} attached to the {{c2::5' position of the sugar}}.
Published	09/17/2023	{{c2::Ribose}} is found in {{c1::RNA}} whereas {{c2::deoxyribose}} is found in {{c1::DNA}}.
Published	09/17/2023	This picture is the structure for?
Published	09/17/2023	ATP has the nitrogenous base {{c1::Adenine}}; the sugar {{c1::Ribose}}; and {{c1::Tri-phosphate}}.
Published	09/17/2023	Base Name (Full name + 1 letter)
Published	09/17/2023	(Nucleoside name if X=ribose) (Full name + 1 letter)
Published	09/17/2023	(Nucleotide name + Abbreviation if X=ribose phosphate)
Published	09/17/2023	(Base name + 1 letter)
Published	09/17/2023	(Nucleoside name + 1 letter if X=ribose)
Published	09/17/2023	(Nucleotide name + Abbreviation if X=ribose Phosphate)
Published	09/17/2023	(Base name + 1 letter)
Published	09/17/2023	(Nucleoside name + 1 letter if X=ribose)
Published	09/17/2023	(Nucleotide name + Abbreviation if X=ribose phosphate)
Published	09/17/2023	(base name + 1 letter)
Published	09/17/2023	(nucleoside name + 1 letter if X= ribose)
Published	09/17/2023	(nucleotide name + abbreviation if X=ribose phosphate)
Published	09/17/2023	(base name + 1 letter)
Published	09/17/2023	(nucleoside name + 1 letter if X=(deoxy)ribose)
Published	09/17/2023	(Nucleotide name + abbreviation if X=(deoxy)ribose phosphate)
Published	09/17/2023	2'-Deoxyribose unit can be implied by the prefix {{c1::"deoxy"}} or {{c1::"d"}} in nucleosides or nucleotide. The presence of a ribose unit may be imp…
Published	09/17/2023	What components of Nucleic acids are similar in DNA & RNA?
Published	09/17/2023	What components of Nucleic Acids are ONLY found in DNA?
Published	09/17/2023	What components of Nucleic Acids are ONLY in RNA?
Published	09/17/2023	Format for counting DNA/RNA nucelic acids. (How to read)
Published	09/17/2023	Two DNA stands are {{c1::Anti-parallel}}. It has a {{c1::phosphate-deoxyribose}} backbone.
Published	09/17/2023	The two strands of DNA are Hydrogen bonded.Adenine bonds with {{c1::Thymine}} to form {{c1::2}} hydrogen bonds.Guanine bonds with {{c1::Cytosine}}&nbs…
Published	09/17/2023	DNA is Poly-Anionic meaning they are {{c1::polymers of negativily charged molecules}}. This is due to the {{c1::phosphate groups in the sugar-phosphat…
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