Notes in BioChem 1T1S

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Has mass and occupies space
Published	07/30/2024	Amount of matter in a substance
Published	07/30/2024	Amount of space a substance occupies
Published	07/30/2024	The state of matter observed for a substance depends on three factors1. {{c1::Temperature}}• High {{c1::temperature}} → {{c2::High activity}}2. Surrou…
Published	07/30/2024	Solid{{c1::definite}} shape and a {{c2::definite}} volumeLiquid{{c3::indefinite}} shape and a {{c4::definite}} volumeGas{{c5::indefinite}} shape and a…
Published	07/30/2024	Characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the basic identity of the substance
Published	07/30/2024	Characteristic of a substance that describes the way the substance undergoes, or resists change to form a new substance.
Published	07/30/2024	Substance changes its physical appearance but not its chemical composition.
Published	07/30/2024	Substance undergoes a change in chemical composition.
Published	07/30/2024	New substance is {{c1::never}} formed because of physical change.
Published	07/30/2024	Chemical change {{c1::always}} involves conversion of the material(s) into oneor more new substances.
Published	07/30/2024	Cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical means.
Published	07/30/2024	Physical combination of two or more pure substances
Published	07/30/2024	Do the substances in a mixture retain their own chemical identity?
Published	07/30/2024	Pure substance{{c1::definite}} and {{c2::constant}} compositionMixture{{c3::Variable}} Composition
Published	07/30/2024	Heterogeneous mixture• Contains {{c1::visibly different}} phases, which has {{c2::different}} properties.Homogeneous mixture• Contains {{c3::one visib…
Published	07/30/2024	pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by chemical or physical means.
Published	07/30/2024	pure substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler pure substances by chemical means but not by physical means.
Published	07/30/2024	Elements are always combined chemically in {{c1::fixed}} proportions by mass.
Published	07/30/2024	total number of discovered elements to date
Published	07/30/2024	Universeo {{c1::Hydrogen (H)}} - Most abundant elemento {{c2::Helium (He)}} - Second most abundant elemento {{c3::All the rest}} - “impurities”
Published	07/30/2024	Earth’s Crusto {{c1::Oxygen (O)}} - Most abundant element in the Earth’s crusto {{c2::Silicon (Si)}} - Second most abundant element in the Earth’s cru…
Published	07/30/2024	Human Bodyo {{c1::Hydrogen (H)}} - Most abundant element in the human bodyo {{c2::Oxygen (O)}} - Second most abundant element in the human body
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of the Human Body (in order of abundance):(1) {{c1::Water}}(2) {{c2::Carbohydrates}}(3) {{c3::Fats}}(4) {{c4::Proteins}}(5) {{c5::Vitamins…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C arbon}}, {{c2::H ydrogen}}, {{c3::O xygen}}, and {{c4::N itrogren}}account for 99% of atoms present in the body
Published	07/30/2024	limit of chemical subdivision
Published	07/30/2024	limit of physical subdivision
Published	07/30/2024	all atoms present are of the same kind (e.g. chlorine gas); elements
Published	07/30/2024	two or more kinds of atoms are present (e.g. water); compounds
Published	07/30/2024	Is it possible to lose or gain significant figures during addition or subtraction?
Published	07/30/2024	Is it possible to lose or gain significant figures during multiplication or division?
Published	07/30/2024	Three types of subatomic particles: {{c1::Neutrons}}, {{c2::Protons}}, and {{c3::Electrons}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nucleon}} - any subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom ({{c2::protons}} and {{c3::neutrons}}).
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Atomic number}} (denoted as {{c2::Z}}) – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.{{c3::Mass number}} (denoted as {{c4::A}}) – the sum of…
Published	07/30/2024	Isotopes are atoms of an element with:o {{c1::same}} no. of protons → {{c1::same}} atomicnumbers OR {{c1::same}} Zo {{c2::different}} no. of neutrons …
Published	07/30/2024	Isobars are atoms of different chemical elements that have the same number of {{c1::nucleons}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Chemical and Physical Properties of Isotopeso {{c1::Same}} chemical properties, because ofsame number of electronso {{c2::Slightly different}} physica…
Published	07/30/2024	Reference point of atomic mass: {{c1::carbon-12}}
Published	07/30/2024	weighted average of all of the isotopes of that element
Published	07/30/2024	elements that has the characteristic properties of: luster, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, malleability
Published	07/30/2024	Elements that are poor electrical conductors, good heat insulators, brittle solids, liquids, or gases
Published	07/30/2024	Group IA: {{c1::Alkali metals}}o Group IIA: {{c2::Alkaline earth metals}}o Groups 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 1B, 2B: {{c3::Transition metals}}
Published	07/30/2024	elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, elements with similar properties occur at periodic intervals
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Alkali metal}} - elements in Group IA, except hydrogen▪ Soft, shiny metals that readily react with water{{c2::Alkaline earth metal}} - elements …
Published	07/30/2024	The space in which electrons move rapidly about a nucleus is divided into sub-spaces called {{c1::shells}}, {{c2::subshells}}, and {{c3::orbitals}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A region of space about a nucleus that contains electrons that:o have approximately the same energyo spend most of their time approximately the same d…
Published	07/30/2024	Electrons that occupy first electron shell are closer to the nucleus, and have a {{c1::lower}} energy than electrons in the second electron shell.
Published	07/30/2024	region of space within an electron shell that contains electrons that have the same energy
Published	07/30/2024	region of space within an electron subshell where an electron with a specific energy is most likely to be found
Published	07/30/2024	As an electron “moves about” within an orbital, it spins on its own axis in either clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
Published	07/30/2024	Melting pointsIonic compounds - {{c1::High}}Molecular compounds - {{c2::Low}}
Published	07/30/2024	Conductivity in molten state/solutionIonic compounds - {{c1::high}}Molecular compounds - {{c2::low}}
Published	07/30/2024	StateIonic compounds - solidsMolecular compounds - gases, liquids, solids
Published	07/30/2024	Basic structural unitIonic compounds - {{c1::anions, cations}}molecular compounds - {{c2::molecules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bond formationIonic compounds - {{c1::transfer}}Molecular compounds - {{c2::sharing}}
Published	07/30/2024	attractive forces that hold two atoms together in a more complex unit
Published	07/30/2024	bonds between identical atoms are {{c1::purely}} covalent
Published	07/30/2024	electrons in the outermost electron shell of a representative or noble gas element
Published	07/30/2024	Three Important Generalizations on VERepresentative elements in the same grouphave {{c1::the same}} number of VEThe number of VE for representativeele…
Published	07/30/2024	an atom (or group of atoms) that is electrically charged as a result of the loss or gain of electrons
Published	07/30/2024	Metal atoms tend to {{c1::lose}} electrons to acquire a noble gas electron configurationNonmetal atoms tend to {{c2::gain}} electrons to acquire a nob…
Published	07/30/2024	Electron loss always {{c1::equals}} electron gain in an electron transfer process
Published	07/30/2024	The ions are bonded by {{c1::electrostatic (positive negative)}} attraction.
Published	07/30/2024	Ionic solids are usually {{c1::soluble}} in water
Published	07/30/2024	Smallest whole number repeating ratio of ions present in an ionic compound that results in charge neutrality
Published	07/30/2024	discrete molecules {{c1::do not exist}} in ionic compounds
Published	07/30/2024	compound in which only two elements are present.
Published	07/30/2024	binary compound in which one element present is a metal and the other is a nonmetal.
Published	07/30/2024	Transition and inner transition metals, are able to form more {{c1::>1}} type of ion.
Published	07/30/2024	ion formed from a single atom through loss or gain of electrons
Published	07/30/2024	formed from a group of atoms (held together by covalent bonds) through loss or gain of electrons
Published	07/30/2024	Most polyatomic ions have a {{c1::negative}} charge
Published	07/30/2024	Most of the ions contain {{c1::oxygen}} atoms
Published	07/30/2024	Both the -ate and -ite ions of a pair carry {{c1::the same}} charge.
Published	07/30/2024	OH- and CN-, have names ending in {{c1::-ide}} and the rest of them have names ending in {{c2::-ate}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A chemical bond resulting from two nuclei attracting the same shared electrons
Published	07/30/2024	pairs of valence electrons that are shared between atoms in a covalent bond
Published	07/30/2024	pairs of valence electrons on an atom that are not involved in electron sharing
Published	07/30/2024	Single Covalent Bonds• Two atoms share {{c1::one}} pair of electronsDouble Covalent Bonds• Two atoms share {{c2::two}} pair of electronsTriple Covalen…
Published	07/30/2024	to participate in double bonds, at least {{c1::two}} vacancies in an atom’s valence electron shell are neededto participate in triple bond formation, …
Published	07/30/2024	covalent bonds in which both electrons in a shared pair come from one of the two atoms involved in the bond.
Published	07/30/2024	Preferred arrangement of valence e-: {{c1::minimizes}} the e- pair repulsion
Published	07/30/2024	Predicts the molecular geometry of a molecule using its Lewis structure
Published	07/30/2024	Collection of valence e- present in a localized region about the central atom in a molecule
Published	07/30/2024	describes only atom positions; does not include the positions of nonbonding e- groups.
Published	07/30/2024	Central atom → {{c1::least}} electronegative atom
Published	07/30/2024	relative attraction that an atom has for the shared electrons in a bond
Published	07/30/2024	Metals: {{c1::low}} electronegativities, {{c2::poor}} electron attractorsNon-metals: {{c3::high}} electronegativities, {{c4::good}} electron attractor…
Published	07/30/2024	measure of the degree of inequality in the sharing of electrons between two atoms in a chemical bond
Published	07/30/2024	a covalent bond where there is equal sharing of electrons between two atoms
Published	07/30/2024	covalent bond where there is unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms
Published	07/30/2024	produced by the unequal sharing which means that the electrons spend more time near the more electronegative atom of the bond
Published	07/30/2024	produced by unequal sharing which means that electrons spend less time near the less electronegative atom of the bond
Published	07/30/2024	Fractional charges associated with atoms in a polar covalent bond are always {{c1::<1}} because complete electron transfer does not happen
Published	07/30/2024	degree of inequality in the attraction of bonding electrons to various locations within a molecule.
Published	07/30/2024	molecule in which there is an unsymmetrical distribution of electronic charge.
Published	07/30/2024	Attraction for bonding electrons is the same in all parts of a nonpolar molecule.
Published	07/30/2024	Molecular polarity depends on two factors: (1) {{c1::bond polarities}} and (2) {{c2::molecular geometry}}
Published	07/30/2024	Four physical properties to distinguish solids, liquids and gases by:o {{c1::Volume and shape}}o {{c2::Density}} – measure of mass per unit volumeo {{…
Published	07/30/2024	attraction or repulsion that occurs between charged particles
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Elastic}} collision – no energy is lost{{c2::Inelastic}} collision – energy is lost
Published	07/30/2024	dominance of PE (cohesive forces) over KE (disruptive forces) [PE > KE]
Published	07/30/2024	PE (cohesive forces) almost equal to KE (disruptive forces) in magnitude [PE ≈ KE]
Published	07/30/2024	dominance of KE (disruptive forces) over PE (cohesive forces) [KE > PE]
Published	07/30/2024	1 mmHg = {{c1::1}} torr1 atm = {{c2::760}} mmHg = {{c3::760}} torr1 atm = {{c4::14.7}} psi
Published	07/30/2024	volume of a fixed amount of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure applied to it
Published	07/30/2024	Volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature
Published	07/30/2024	product of pressure and volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature
Published	07/30/2024	relationships among the four variables of temperature, pressure, volume, and molar amount for a gaseous substance at a given set of conditions.
Published	07/30/2024	total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present
Published	07/30/2024	pressure that a gas in a mixture of gases would exert if it were present alone under the same conditions
Published	07/30/2024	the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.
Published	07/30/2024	endothermic change – change of state in which heat energy is {{c1::absorbed}}exothermic change – change of state in which heat energy is given {{…
Published	07/30/2024	process by which molecules escape from the liquid phase to the gas phase
Published	07/30/2024	Insensible water loss – {{c1::no absolute way}} to measure the loss of water, highly dependent on a lot of factorsExamples: water loss in {{c2::skin a…
Published	07/30/2024	gas that exists at a temperature and pressure at which it ordinarily would be thought of as a liquid or solid
Published	07/30/2024	a state in which two opposing physical processes take place at the same rate
Published	07/30/2024	pressure exerted by a vapor above a liquid when the liquid and vapor are in physical equilibrium with each other
Published	07/30/2024	form of evaporation where conversion from liquid to vapor state occurs through bubble formation
Published	07/30/2024	vapor pressure of the heated liquid is equal to that of the external pressure acting on it
Published	07/30/2024	temperature at which the liquid’s vapor pressure is equal to the external (atmospheric) pressure exerted on it
Published	07/30/2024	temperature at which a liquid boils under 760 mm Hg
Published	07/30/2024	attractive force acting between a molecule and another molecule.
Published	07/30/2024	intermolecular force that occurs between polar molecules
Published	07/30/2024	extra-strong dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a small and very electronegative atom AND a lone pair of electrons…
Published	07/30/2024	weak temporary intermolecular force that occurs between an atom or molecule and another atom or molecule whether they are polar or nonpolar
Status	Last Update	Fields