Notes in Renal Physiology 2

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Published	08/25/2024	Hypertonic Medullary Interstitium: Alters___________ using a counter current flow to create a ______medulla. This allows: (describe)
Published	08/25/2024	Counter current flow “multiplies” the tonicity of the medulla near the loop of Henle through:
Published	08/25/2024	The descending limb: is permeable to ________but impermeable to _______:Water leaves to enter hypertonic medulla via aquapores
Published	08/25/2024	Thick ascending limb: actively pumps _________ into the interstitium → This _________interstitium tonicityThe ascending limb is _________to water
Published	08/25/2024	Tubule fluid enters the distal tubule and CD at a _______________.
Published	08/25/2024	The role of the Vasa Recta
Published	08/25/2024	Vasa Recta and Urea recycling
Published	08/25/2024	The filtrate entering the collecting duct is ___________ regardless of the hydration status of the animal! Why?
Published	08/25/2024	Water permeability is variable in the CD. This is due to _______.
Published	08/25/2024	What does ADH do during water overload? What about during dehydration?
Published	08/25/2024	Name the hormones associated with effecting the kidney
Published	08/25/2024	Aldosterone facts
Published	08/25/2024	Parathyroid hormone facts
Published	08/25/2024	Calcitonin Hormone Facts
Published	08/25/2024	Atrial Naturietic Peptide Hormone facts
Published	08/27/2024	What results from Hyperkalaemia?
Published	08/25/2024	What is the importance of Vasopressin and Renin in the RAAS pathway? Describe the RAAS pathway
Published	08/25/2024	Glomerular Filtrate is converted to urine through the processes of _______ & _______. Explain the differences between the two.
Published	08/25/2024	______= The end product of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption.
Published	08/25/2024	Name the factors that may alter urine.
Published	08/25/2024	Horses have cloudy urine due to____________ & ___________ excreted in the renal pelvis.
Published	08/25/2024	___________= Measured using a refractometer. The angle of refraction at the liquid interface is dependent upon concentration.
Published	08/25/2024	____________: provide a ratio of urine density (concentration) compared to pure water.Typical values for urine: 1.001-1.045+ (BUT: appropriate value d…
Published	08/25/2024	Describe briefly the difference between:HyposthenuriaIsosthenuria Hyperthensuria
Published	08/25/2024	Name the Nitrogenous Compounds
Published	08/25/2024	Creatinine Facts
Published	08/25/2024	Urea Facts
Published	08/25/2024	_________= tells us kidney function/filtration. It is the serum/plasma urea concentration. It increases during renal failure!
Published	08/25/2024	Urea given as food additive to ruminants → what happens?
Published	08/25/2024	Uric Acid Facts
Published	08/25/2024	Allantoin Facts
Published	08/25/2024	The metabolism of protein results in ___________
Published	08/25/2024	Amino acids may be used for __________ OR Amino acids are broken down to produce ______, _____, _____, & _____.
Published	08/25/2024	Ammonium replaces ______ at Na +/K+ ATPase transporters and ___________, especially neurons.Ammonia and ammonium are converted to less toxic forms in …
Published	08/25/2024	What should we not find in the urine?
Published	08/25/2024	Explain the excretion of Urine:
Published	08/25/2024	T/F: Once in the bladder, there can be a change in urine composition.
Published	08/25/2024	What is the bladder's role?
Published	08/25/2024	What is special about the epithelial lining of the bladder?
Published	08/25/2024	Detrusor muscle in the bladder wall is under _________-control (Muscarinic receptors, ACh transmitter)
Published	08/25/2024	Contraction of detrusor muscle closes off the ureters, and opens the_________!
Published	08/25/2024	________= Located at the base of the bladder, around the urethra. It contains skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control. Excitation of …
Published	08/25/2024	Name the 3 nerves that innervate the bladder
Published	08/25/2024	Hypogastric nerve: facts
Published	08/25/2024	Pudendal nerve: Facts
Published	08/25/2024	Pelvic nerves: Facts
Published	08/25/2024	Explain Bladder Contraction
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Published	08/25/2024	Briefly describe what happens during CKD
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