Notes in Week 7

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Published	11/07/2023	{{c4::Thiazaide diuretics::Medication}} blocks activity of the {{c1::Na+/Cl- symporter}} in the {{c2::DCT}} of the nephron. This leads to in…
Published	11/07/2023	Thiazide diuretics increase {{c1::calcium}} reabsorption
Published	11/07/2023	Most important risk factor for lung cancer is {{c1::smoking}}
Published	11/07/2023	2nd leading cause of lung cancer is {{c1::radon}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c1::Constitutional}} symptoms like weight loss, fatigue, anorexia, and weakness are important {{c2::prognostic}} implications in lung cancer
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Horner's}} syndrome: involvement of sympathetic chain at thoracic inlet at {{c5::apex}} of the lungSymptoms: {{c1::mio}}sis, {{c1::pto}}sis, {{c…
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Pancoast}} syndrome: local extension of tumor at {{c3::apex}} of lungUsual cause of {{c4::Horner's}} syndromeCauses shoulder pain that radiates …
Published	11/07/2023	{{c3::Superior Vena Cava}} Syndrome: compression of {{c3::SVC}} that produces obstructed drainage of upper thorax, head, and neckSymptoms: swelling of…
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Small cell carcinoma::Cancer}} is associated with {{c1::high}} ADH
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Hypercalcemia}}: due to {{c3::bony}} metasasis, production of {{c4::parathyroid hormone}}-like substances or {{c4::prostaglandin 2}}Occurs prima…
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Ectopic ACTH}}: causes electrolyte disturbances, usually associated with {{c1::small cell carcinoma::cancer}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Central/hilar}} tumors are associated with {{c1::small cell::cancer}} and {{c1::squamous cell carcinomas::cancer}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Peripheral}} tumors are associated with {{c1::adenocarcinoma::cancer}} and {{c1::large cell carcinomas::cancer}}
Published	11/07/2023	Most important diagnostic technique for lesion/abnormality in the {{c1::periphery}} of lung: {{c2::transthoracic needle aspiration}}
Published	11/07/2023	Most important diagnostic technique for lesion/abnormality in the {{c1::central}} lung: {{c2::bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage}} and {{c2…
Published	11/07/2023	TNM staging:T: {{c1::tumor}}N: {{c2::node}}M: {{c3::metastasis}}
Published	11/07/2023	This is an example of {{c1::adenocarcinoma}}
Published	11/07/2023	This is an example of {{c1::squamous cell carcinoma}}
Published	11/07/2023	What is the most common lung cancer type: {{c1::adenocarcinoma}}
Published	11/07/2023	Adenocarcinomas present with {{c1::peripheral}} lung mass and are most common in {{c2::non-smokers}}
Published	11/07/2023	Lung cancers tend to initially spread to the {{c1::regional lymph nodes}}
Published	11/07/2023	What method is the best way to screen for lung cancer: {{c1::CT scan}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c1::Malignant mesothelioma::Cancer}} is associated with {{c2::asbestos}} exposure
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Published	11/07/2023	Signs/symptoms of lung cancer:{{c1::Cough}}: most common{{c2::Hemopt}}ysis{{c3::Tracheal}} obstructionDysphagia due to {{c4::esophageal}} compression{…
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Published	11/07/2023	Mesangial cell function:{{c1::Smooth muscle}}-like properties: influences capillary {{c2::surface area}} and filtration{{c3::Macrophage}}-like propert…
Published	11/07/2023	{{c4::Nephrotic}} syndrome symptoms:{{c1::Protein}}uria and {{c1::lipid}}uria{{c2::Hypo}}albuminemia{{c3::Hyper}}lipidemiaEdema
Published	11/07/2023	Lipiduria in {{c2::nephrotic}} syndrome can appear as a {{c1::Maltese cross}} under polarized light
Published	11/07/2023	{{c5::Nephritic}} syndrome symptoms:{{c4::Protein}}uria{{c2::Reduced}} GFRActive urine {{c3::sediment}}Edema{{c1::Hyper}}tension
Published	11/07/2023	Laboratory finding of {{c3::lupus nephritis}}: presence of {{c1::antinuclear}} antibodies, anti-{{c2::dsDNA}}, complements {{c4::C3}} and {{c4::C4}}
Published	11/07/2023	Laboratory finding of {{c2::Goodpasture's disease}}: presence of {{c1::anti-GBM}} antibodies
Published	11/07/2023	Laboratory finding of {{c1::post-infectious GN}}: presence of {{c2::ASO}} titers, complements {{c3::C3 and C4}}
Published	11/07/2023	Lupus nephritis commonly occurs in {{c1::young females::demographic}}
Published	11/07/2023	Minimal change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in {{c1::young children}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c1::Anti-GBM nephritis::Glomerular disease}} usually causes pulmonary {{c2::hemorrhage}} and leads to {{c3::hemoptysis}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c1::Lambert Eaton}} Syndrome has symptoms of weakness, fatigue, and aching due to development of {{c2::anti-voltage-gated Ca2+ }}channel antibo…
Published	11/07/2023	Retinal blindness is more likely to happen in {{c1::small cell carcinoma::cancer}}
Published	11/07/2023	Most common skeletal paraneoplastic syndrome for lung cancer is {{c1::clubbing}}
Published	11/07/2023	The main difference between Eaton-Lambert and Myasthenia Gravis is that with {{c1::Eaton-Lambert}}, muscle weakness {{c2::improves}} with activity
Published	11/09/2023	Most kidney stones are {{c1::calcium}} based
Published	11/09/2023	Risk factors for calcium kidney stones are {{c1::high}} levels of {{c2::calcium}}, {{c2::oxalate}}, and {{c2::uric}} acid, and {{c1::low}} levels of {…
Published	11/09/2023	A {{c1::high}} sodium level and {{c1::low}} potassium level are risk factors for calcium kidney stones
Published	11/09/2023	{{c1::Calcium oxalate}} is the most common type of kidney stone
Published	11/09/2023	Calcium oxalate stones:Oxalate absorption increased with {{c4::mal}}absorption, {{c4::IBD}}, {{c4::gastric}} bypassOxalate metabolism disorder: {{c1::…
Published	11/09/2023	Uric acid stones:Strong association with hyperuricemia ({{c1::gout}})Often seen in diseases with increased cell turnover: {{c2::leukemia}}
Published	11/09/2023	{{c4::Struvite}} stones:Caused primarily by infection with {{c1::urease positive bacteria}} that hydrolyze urea to ammonia: urine {{c2::alkalinization…
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Published	11/09/2023	Cystinuria stones:Hereditary ({{c3::autosomal recessive}}) condition where {{c1::cystine}} reabsorbing {{c2::PCT}} transporter loses functionHas {{c4:…
Published	11/09/2023	Calcium phosphate stones:Associated with {{c2::hyper}}calcuriaPrecipitates in {{c1::alkaline::pH}} urine
Published	11/09/2023	What surgical treatment is typically considered when kidney stones are too large?{{c1::Lithotrispy}}
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Published	11/09/2023	How do stones look on imaging?Calcium oxalate: radio{{c1::paque}}Calcium phosphate: radio{{c2::paque}}Uric acid: radio{{c3::lucent}}Struvite: radio{{c…
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Published	11/09/2023	{{c5::Angiomyolipoma}}: most common {{c1::benign mesenchymal}} renal tumorComposed of {{c2::blood vessels}}, {{c3::smooth muscle}}, and {{c4::fat}}
Published	11/09/2023	Classic angiomyolipomas are sporadic (occurs mainly in {{c1::females::demographic}}) or part of {{c2::tuberous sclerosis complex}}
Published	11/09/2023	Identification of intra-tumoral {{c1::fat}} on {{c2::CT}} is enough to confirm an {{c3::angiomyolipoma}}
Published	11/09/2023	Main treatment methods for angiomyolipoma:ObservationSelective {{c1::arterial emoblization}}Partial {{c2::nephrectomy}}
Published	11/09/2023	{{c2::Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome (VHL)}}:Clear cell {{c3::renal cell carcinoma}}Associated with {{c4::tumors}} throughout the body (important one is {…
Published	11/09/2023	Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome is caused by a mutated VHL {{c1::tumor suppressor}} gene: {{c2::Chr 3p25-26}}There is an upregulation of {{c3::vascular end…
Published	11/09/2023	Treatment of VHL is {{c1::belzutifan}}, an {{c2::HIF-2alpha}} inhibitor
Published	11/09/2023	Renal Cell Carcinoma risk factors:SmokingHypertensionObesityAcquired {{c1::renal cystic}} diseaseOccupational exposure: {{c2::cadmium}}, {{c3::asbesto…
Published	11/09/2023	{{c2::Clear Cell}} RCC is the most common RCC histology and arises from the {{c1::PCT}}
Published	11/09/2023	Paraneoplastic syndromes for RCC:{{c1::Stauffer's}} syndrome: reversible {{c2::hepatitis}}Constitutional symptoms: fevers, chills, weight loss, cachex…
Published	11/09/2023	Radical nephrectomy has a {{c1::lower}} rate of complications and {{c2::increases}} the risk of CKD compared to PN
Published	11/09/2023	Paraneoplastic Syndromes for RCC:Elevated {{c3::ESR}}, {{c4::C-reactive protein}}, {{c2::alkaline phosphatase}}, and {{c1::calcium}}
Published	11/09/2023	The two components of urinalysis are a {{c2::dipstick test}} and {{c1::microscopy exam}}
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Published	11/09/2023	{{c1::CT without contrast}} is the best imaging for kidney stones
Published	11/09/2023	CT for kidney stones are performed in the {{c1::prone}} position to help differentiate between a {{c2::distal uretal}} stone and a passed stone in the…
Published	11/09/2023	What testing can be done to inform recommendations to prevent kidney stones?{{c1::24-hour urine collection}}
Published	11/09/2023	{{c2::Hydronephrosis}} is a condition that causes a kidney to become {{c1::stretched}} and {{c1::swollen}} due to build-up of {{c3::urine}}.It can be …
Published	11/09/2023	This is an example of {{c1::hydronephrosis}} in the kidney
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Published	11/09/2023	The {{c1::obturator}} nerve is near the bladder and causes {{c2::adduction}} of the thigh
Published	11/09/2023	What diagnostic test can you due to test for bladder perforation? {{c1::Cystogram}}
Published	11/14/2023	{{c4::Urothelial carcinoma}} cytology:High {{c2::nucleus:cytoplasm}} ratio{{c1::Hyper}}chromasia ({{c1::dark}} nuclei)Coarse {{c3::chromatin}}
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::Urodynamics::Testing method}} detects changes in {{c2::pressure}} in the bladder
Published	11/14/2023	What are the three criteria for a confounding variable:1: {{c1::Must be an independent risk factor for outcome}}2: {{c2::Confounder must be associated…
Published	11/14/2023	Intention-to-treat: {{c1::Analyzes groups by initial assignment of participants}}Per-protocol: {{c2::Only analyzes those that followed protocol}}As-tr…
Published	11/14/2023	How to calculate {{c2::risk ratio}}:{{c1::Risk of procedure X}} / {{c1::risk of procedure Y}}
Published	11/14/2023	How to calculate {{c2::odds ratio}}:{{c1::Odds with procedure X}} / {{c1::odds with procedure Y}}
Published	11/14/2023	How to calculate {{c1::risk difference}}: difference in probabilities in events
Published	11/14/2023	Does odds ratio or risk ratio produce more "extreme" values?{{c1::Odds ratio}}
Published	11/14/2023	Nephrotic syndrome leads to a decrease in {{c1::plasma oncotic}} pressure due to the loss of {{c2::albumin}} into the urine
Published	11/14/2023	Nephrotic syndrome causes {{c1::stimulation}} of the RAAS pathway and vasopressin, leading to salt and water {{c1::retention}}.
Published	11/14/2023	What is happening in this urodynamic measurement?{{c1::Overactive bladder}}
Published	11/14/2023	What is happening in this urodynamic measurement?{{c1::Bladder obstruction}}
Published	11/14/2023	What is happening in this urodynamic measurement?{{c1::Poor compliance}}
Status	Last Update	Fields