Notes in 01 Asynch Auditory and Vestibular

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Published	04/22/2024	The external ear is separated from the middle ear by the {{c1::tympanic membrane}}
Published	04/22/2024	The {{c1::middle}} ear consists of the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
Published	04/22/2024	The stapes inserts into the {{c1::oval}} window, a membrane between the middle and inner ear
Published	04/22/2024	The {{c1::inner}} ear consists of a bony and membranous labyrinth
Published	04/22/2024	The {{c1::bony}} labyrinth of the inner ear consists of the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea
Published	04/22/2024	The {{c1::membranous}} labyrinth of the inner ear consists of a series of ducts (scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media)
Published	04/22/2024	The fluid in the scala {{c1::vestibuli}} and scala {{c1::tympani}} is called {{c2::perilymph}} (inner ear)
Published	04/22/2024	The fluid in the scala {{c1::media}} is called {{c2::endolymph}} (inner ear)
Published	04/22/2024	The {{c1::cochlea}} is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the organ of {{c2::Corti}}
Published	04/22/2024	The organ of Corti lies on the {{c1::basilar}} membrane of the cochlea and is bathed in the endolymph contained in the scala media
Published	04/22/2024	The inner and outer hair cells of the organ of Corti have {{c1::sterocilia}}, which make contact with the tectorial membrane
Published	04/22/2024	{{c2::High}} frequencies are best heard at the {{c1::base}} of the cochlea (basilar membrane)
Published	04/22/2024	The {{c1::base}} of the cochlea (basilar membrane) is thin and rigid
Published	04/22/2024	{{c2::Low}} frequencies are best heard at the {{c1::apex}} of the basilar membrane (near the helicotrema)
Published	04/22/2024	The {{c1::apex}} of the basilar membrane is wide and flexible
Published	04/22/2024	The endolymph of the inner ear is produced by the {{c1::stria vascularis}}
Published	04/22/2024	If there is unilateral {{c1::conductive}} hearing loss, the Weber test localizes to the {{c2::affected}} ear
Published	04/22/2024	If there is unilateral {{c1::sensorineural}} hearing loss, the Weber test localizes to the {{c2::normal}} ear
Published	04/22/2024	If there is unilateral {{c1::conductive}} hearing loss, the Rinne test demonstrates {{c2::bone}} > {{c2::air}} conduction
Published	04/22/2024	If there is unilateral {{c1::sensorineural}} hearing loss, the Rinne test demonstrates {{c2::air}} > {{c2::bone}} conduction
Published	04/22/2024	Causes of {{c1::conductive}} hearing loss include obstruction, otosclerosis, and otitis media
Published	04/22/2024	Causes of {{c1::sensorineural}} hearing loss include damage to the cochlea, CN VIII, or central auditory connections
Published	04/22/2024	The inferior colliculus sends auditory information to the {{c1::medial geniculate body}} of the thalamus
Published	04/22/2024	The semicircular canals of the vestibular system detect {{c1::angular}} acceleration of the head *bonus-name of wall
Published	04/22/2024	The semicircular canals of the inner ear are filled with {{c1::endo}}-lymph
Published	04/22/2024	The hair cells of the semicircular canals have a single long cilium, called a(n) {{c1::kinocilium}}, and several smaller {{c2::stereocilia}}
Published	04/22/2024	If the stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the hair cell {{c1::de}}-polarizes
Published	04/22/2024	If the stereocilia are bent away from the kinocilium, the hair cell {{c1::hyper}}-polarizes
Published	04/22/2024	The {{c2::utricle}} and {{c2::saccule}} (otolith organs) of the vestibular system detect {{c1::linear}} acceleration of the head
Published	04/22/2024	A lesion of the vestibular nuclei or nerve produces a vestibular-evoked {{c1::nystagmus}} (vestibulo-ocular reflex)
Published	04/22/2024	{{c2::Cold}} water irrigation of the ear produces nystagmus to the {{c1::opposite}} side (Caloric test)
Published	04/22/2024	{{c2::Warm}} water irrigation of the ear produces nystagmus to the {{c1::same}} side (Caloric test)
Published	04/22/2024	The vestibular nuclei sends axons to ipsilateral antigravity muscles via the lateral {{c1::vestibulospinal}} tract to maintain upright and balanced po…
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Published	04/22/2024	In the vestibulo-ocular reflex, turning your head to one side {{c2::de}}-polarizes the {{c1::ipsi}}-lateral vestibular nucleus, which then {{c2::de}}-…
Published	04/23/2024	The processing of different frequencies based on spatial arrangement is referred to as {{c1::tonotopy}}
Published	04/23/2024	The frequencies that humans hear best are ~{{c1::4000}} Hz due to the {{c2::resonant frequency}} of the external ear and ear canal
Published	04/23/2024	The majority of the amplification from the middle ear comes from {{c1::area difference betwen TM and oval window}}
Published	04/23/2024	The {{c2::peri}}lymph of the inner ear is produced by the {{c1::periosteum}}
Published	04/23/2024	The {{c2::peri}}lymph of the inner ear is drained via a(n) {{c1::passive::active/passive}} process into the {{c3::subarachnoid}} s…
Published	04/23/2024	The {{c2::endo}}lymph of the inner ear is drained via a(n) {{c1::active::active/passive}} process into the {{c3::subdural}} space
Published	04/23/2024	The {{c2::endo}}lymph of the inner ear fills the membranous labyrinth
Published	04/23/2024	The {{c2::peri}}lymph of the inner ear fills the bony labyrinth
Published	04/23/2024	When you rotate your head to the left, the endolymph in the semicircular canal flows to the {{c1::right}} and the cupula gets pushed to the …
Published	04/23/2024	When you go up in an elevator, your {{c1::saccule::part of inner ear}} senses the acceleration
Published	04/23/2024	When your car speeds up as the light turns green, your {{c1::utricle::part of inner ear}} senses the acceleration
Published	04/23/2024	The {{c1::inner}} hair cells of the organ of Corti are the main ones that send afferent sensory signals to the brain
Published	04/23/2024	The {{c1::outer}} hair cells of the organ of Corti are the ones that amplify or dampen vibrations of the tectorial membrane using electromotility
Published	04/23/2024	The cells of Reissner's and basilar membrane are connected by {{c1::tight junctions::junction type}}
Published	04/23/2024	The superior vestibular nerve carries input from the {{c1::anterior and horizontal}} semicircular canal(s) and {{c1::utricle}}
Published	04/23/2024	The inferior vestibular nerve carries input from the {{c1::posterior}} semicircular canal(s) and {{c1::saccule}}
Published	04/23/2024	The vestibular nuclei sends axons to bi-lateral head and neck muscles via the {{c3::medial}} vestibulospinal tract …
Published	04/23/2024	If a child was spinning to their left and then stops, they will show nystagmus to the {{c1::right}}
Published	04/23/2024	In a positive Fukuda test, the patient will turn {{c1::toward::toward or away from}} the lesion as they high-step with their eyes closed
Published	04/23/2024	In a positive Dix-Hallpike test, turning head to one side and extending will induce nystagmus to the {{c1::same}} side
Published	04/23/2024	The {{c1::lateral}} superior olivary nucleus localizes sound using the intensity difference
Published	04/23/2024	The {{c1::medial}} superior olivary nucleus localizes sound using the time difference
Published	04/23/2024	A difference between the Pure Tone Average and Speech Reception Threshold indicates a lesion in {{c1::Wernicke's area (probably)}}
Published	04/23/2024	If red = right, blue = left, solid = air, dashed = bone, then what type of hearing loss is represented by this graph?{{c1::(Left) sensorineural}}
Published	04/23/2024	If red = right, blue = left, solid = air, dashed = bone, then which frequencies can this person not hear well?{{c1::Low}}
Published	04/23/2024	If arrows = bone, dashed = air, then what type of hearing loss is represented by this graph?{{c1::Conductive}}
Published	04/23/2024	If you ask a dizzy pt to walk and they start falling over to the left side, then their {{c1::right}} vestibular system is relatively overact…
Published	04/23/2024	Chronic, unilateral vestibular dysfunction can be identified with {{c1::caloric testing::diagnostic test}}
Published	04/23/2024	Patients with vestibular lesions/inflammation have a propensity to fall toward the side that is relatively {{c1::less::more/less}} active
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