Notes in 04. Disease Processes Due to Animal Agents and Their Clinical Manifestations

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Published	10/21/2024	If infection exists with little or no damage to the host and without symptoms, the host is referred to as a {{c1::carrier}}.
Published	10/21/2024	When a parasite causes significant damage to the host, it is called a {{c1::pathogen}}.
Published	10/21/2024	The {{c1::gastrointestinal (GI)}} and {{c2::urogenital (UG)}} tracts are two common areas affected by parasitic diseases.
Published	10/21/2024	Common symptoms of parasitic infection include {{c1::diarrhea}}, {{c2::fever}}, and {{c3::abdominal pain}}.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Elephantiasis}} is caused by parasites and results in enlargement of areas such as the breast, leg, and scrotum.
Published	10/21/2024	During migration of larval stages of several helminths through the lungs, there may be rupture of {{c1::pulmonary capillaries}}.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Schistosoma}} eggs cause trauma and hemorrhage as they escape from mesenteric or vesical venules.
Published	10/21/2024	The attachment of {{c1::hookworms}} to the intestinal wall causes destruction of intestinal villi
Published	10/21/2024	Large worms such as {{c1::Ascaris}} may cause intestinal obstruction or occlude the {{c2::appendix}} or {{c3::bile duct}}.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Entamoeba histolytica}} is known for causing lytic necrosis by releasing enzymes that digest tissue.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Leishmania donovani}} parasitizes fixed macrophages in organs like the spleen and liver, causing reticuloendothelial proliferation.
Published	10/21/2024	In blood fluke infections, {{c1::colonic, rectal,}} and {{c2::hepatic carcinoma}} have been associated with the presence of parasites.
Published	10/21/2024	Allergic reactions to parasites can lead to {{c1::anaphylactic shock}}, as seen in cases of {{c2::bee stings}} or rupture of a {{c3::Echinococcus cyst…
Published	10/21/2024	The {{c1::immune system}} consists of two specific arms ({{c2::antibody}} and {{c3::cellular mediation}}) and two non-specific arms ({{c4::complement}…
Published	10/21/2024	Parasitic infections like hookworm may open pathways for other pathogens to enter, causing conditions like {{c1::ground itch}}.
Published	10/21/2024	In communities with high prevalence of parasitic infections, {{c1::polyparasitism}} and {{c2::malnutrition}} often exacerbate the disease.
Published	10/21/2024	Increased {{c1::erythropoiesis}} is stimulated in infections that cause mechanical loss or destruction of erythrocytes.
Published	10/21/2024	The presence of a parasite can provoke a {{c1::fibrous encapsulation}} reaction at the site of infection in the host.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Amoebic colitis}} may allow enteric bacteria to invade lesions and cause further damage.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Trypanosoma cruzi}} is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes necrosis of host cells during its growth.
Published	10/21/2024	Enzymes elaborated by many parasites allow them to digest food available in the immediate environment and transform it into their own {{c1::protoplasm…
Published	10/21/2024	One of the most striking examples of tissue digestion and necrosis is caused by {{c1::Entamoeba histolytica}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Obligate intracellular protozoa}} such as plasmodia, leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Toxoplasma gondii cause necrosis of parasitized host cel…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Lytic necrosis}} occurs when parasites release enzymes that digest surrounding tissues.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Spiders}} and {{c2::ticks}} introduce venom by inserting their mouthparts into the skin.
Published	10/21/2024	Scorpions, bees, wasps, and ants have their venom apparatus located at the {{c1::caudal end}} of their body.
Published	10/21/2024	When proteins or metabolites of the parasite are introduced into the skin from an arthropod's saliva or a helminth larva, the host initiates {{c1::sen…
Published	10/21/2024	The sudden release of foreign proteins, such as from a ruptured {{c1::Echinococcus cyst}}, can precipitate {{c2::anaphylaxis}} in the host.
Published	10/21/2024	The specific arms are associated with lymphocytes, those derived from the {{c1::thymus (T cells)}}, which provide specificity to the cellular immune s…
Published	10/21/2024	In {{c1::chronic amebic colitis}} and {{c2::balantidiasis}}, the presence of enteric bacteria alters the lesion, with dense infiltration of {{c3::neut…
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