Notes in 02 Introduction to Immune System Regulation

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Published	01/04/2024	{{c1::Interferons}} are immunomodulatory {{c2::cytokines}} that are released from virus infected host cells
Published	01/04/2024	Glucocorticoids inhibit production of inflammatory {{c1::prostaglandins}} by cyclooxygenase
Published	01/04/2024	Glucocorticoids inhibit {{c1::NF-kB}}, which is a transcription factor that regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-2, TNF-alph…
Published	01/04/2024	Glucocorticoids prevent activation of {{c1::T}} cells and {{c1::B}} cells by inhibiting production of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-2)
Published	01/04/2024	Allergic inflammation is mediated by histamine, which acts on the {{c1::H1}} histamine receptor
Published	01/04/2024	{{c1::Dendritic}} cells function as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems
Published	01/04/2024	Which type of immunity includes T cells and B cells? {{c1::Adaptive immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published	01/04/2024	Which type of immunity includes circulating antibodies? {{c1::Adaptive immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published	01/04/2024	Which type of immunity includes NK cells? {{c1::Innate immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published	01/04/2024	The second signal for T-cell activation is a costimulatory signal via interaction between {{c1::B7}} (APC) and {{c1::CD28}} (T cell)
Published	01/04/2024	Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th2}} is induced by {{c1::IL-2}} and {{c1::IL-4}}
Published	01/04/2024	Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th2}} is inhibited by {{c1::IFN-γ}}
Published	01/04/2024	What class of helper T cell secretes IL-4, -5, -6, -10, and -13? {{c1::Th2}}
Published	01/04/2024	What class of helper T cell promotes IgE production by B cells?{{c1::Th2}}
Published	01/04/2024	Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th1}} is induced by {{c1::IFN-γ}} and {{c1::IL-12}}
Published	01/04/2024	Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th1}} is inhibited by {{c1::IL-4}} and {{c1::IL-10}} (from Th2 cells)
Published	01/04/2024	What class of helper T cell secretes IFN-γ and IL-2? {{c1::Th1}}
Published	01/04/2024	What class of helper T cell activates macrophages and cytotoxic T cells?{{c1::Th1}}
Published	01/04/2024	What class of helper T cell promotes cell-mediated immunity?{{c1::Th1}}
Published	01/04/2024	Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Treg}} is induced by {{c1::TGF-β}} and {{c1::IL-2}}; inhibited by {{c2::IL-6}}
Published	01/04/2024	What class of helper T cell helps maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T-cell effector functions? {{c1::Regulatory T (TReg) c…
Published	01/04/2024	Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th17}} is induced by {{c2::IL-1}}, {{c1::IL-6}} and {{c1::TGF-β}}
Published	01/04/2024	The immediate response of mast cell and basophil activation is release of preformed {{c1::histamine}} granules and {{c2::tryptase::marker of activatio…
Published	01/04/2024	{{c1::Toll-like receptors (TLRs)}} on cells of the immune system are activated by {{c2::pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)}} that are comm…
Published	01/04/2024	Are toll-like receptors (TLRs) found on cells of the innate or adaptive immune system?{{c1::Both :)}}
Published	01/04/2024	Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation results in upregulation of {{c1::NF-κB}}, a nuclear transcription factor that activates immune response genes
Published	01/04/2024	Mast cells may be activated by cross-linking of cell-surface {{c1::IgE}} by antigen
Published	01/04/2024	Which complement proteins can activate mast cells (anaphylatoxins)? {{c1::C3a, C4a, and C5a}}
Published	01/04/2024	Fever in inflammation is mediated by release of {{c1::IL-1}}, {{c1::TNF}} and {{c1::IL-6}} by {{c2::macrophages}} in response to pyrogens (e.g. LPS fr…
Published	01/04/2024	Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is {{c2::induced}} by {{c1::inflammation}}
Published	01/04/2024	Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus are {{c2::calcineurin}} inhibitors that block T cell activation by preventing {{c1::IL-2}} transcription
Published	01/04/2024	Which interleukin is primarily responsible for acute-phase reactant production?{{c1::IL-6}}
Published	01/04/2024	Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-6?{{c1::Macrophages}}
Published	01/04/2024	Which immune cell has the cell surface protein CD4 and CD25? {{c1::Regulatory T cells}}
Published	01/04/2024	Sirolimus works by binding {{c1::FKBP}}, which inhibits the {{c2::mTOR::specific signal}} signalling complex involved in cell growth
Published	01/04/2024	Interferons stimulate antitumor activity by activating {{c1::Natural Killer}} Cells
Published	01/04/2024	Inhibition of {{c1::TNF-a}} (e.g. immunosuppression, drugs) results in lack of granuloma formation and resultant reactivation of tuberculosis
Published	01/04/2024	Which chemotherapeutic drug can be used in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis?{{c1::Methotrexate}}
Published	01/04/2024	Azathioprine is converted to {{c1::6-mercaptopurine}}, a cytotoxic {{c2::purine}} analog
Published	01/04/2024	Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis can result from congenital genetic defects in {{c1::IL-17}} or its receptor
Published	01/04/2024	What class of helper T cell secretes IL-17, -21, and -22? {{c1::Th17}} *What does each do?
Published	01/04/2024	Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th17}} is inhibited by {{c1::IFN-γ}} and {{c1::IL-4}} (from Th1 and Th2 cells)
Published	01/04/2024	What class of helper T cell secretes TGF-B, IL-10, and IL-35? {{c1::Regulatory T cell}}
Published	01/04/2024	Type I Interferons increase cell surface expression of {{c1::MHC}} proteins to facilitate recognition of infected cells
Published	01/04/2024	Are acute phase reactants produced by liver in acute or chronic inflammatory states?{{c1::Both :)}}
Published	01/04/2024	Acute inflammation typically results in resolution and healing, which is mediated by {{c1::IL-10}} and {{c2::TGF-β}}
Published	01/04/2024	The {{c1::inflammasome}} is a cytoplasmic protein complex that recognizes products of dead cells, microbial products, and crystals
Published	01/04/2024	Activation of the inflammasome leads to increased production of {{c1::IL-1B}} and IL-18
Published	01/04/2024	{{c1::Ixekizumab}} and {{c3::secukinumab}} are monoclonal antibodies against {{c2::IL-17A}} used to treat psoriasis and psori…
Published	01/04/2024	CD4+ T cells are also known as {{c1::helper}} T cells, while CD8+ T cells are also known as {{c1::cytotoxic}} T cells
Published	01/04/2024	{{c1::Cytotoxic T cells::cell type}} kill viral-infected cells that have MHC Class I with antigen on their surface
Published	01/04/2024	{{c1::mTOR}} is a protein kinase that affects cell survival, among other things. Inhibition of {{c1::mTOR::same}} improves immune function, essentiall…
Published	01/04/2024	Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) sense 2 types of patterns:{{c1::PAMPs = Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns}}{{c1::DAMPs = Damage-Associated M…
Published	01/04/2024	Before starting TNF-α inhibitors (e.g. infliximab, adalumimab), you are required to test your patient for {{c1::tuberculosis}}
Published	01/04/2024	Pro-inflammatory cytokines like {{c1::IL-1β}}, {{c1::IL-6}}, and especially {{c1::TNF-α}} will increase vascular permeability
Published	01/04/2024	Type {{c1::II}} interferons like {{c1::IFN-γ}} are important for allowing CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells
Published	01/04/2024	Type {{c1::I}} inteferons like {{c1::IFN-α and IFN-β}} are produced in large quantities by {{c2::plasmacytoid dendritic cells}}
Published	01/04/2024	Class I cytokines signal through the {{c1::JAK-STAT}} pathway, which allows for {{c2::rapid::slow/rapid}} changes to gene transcription
Published	01/04/2024	{{c1::CD59 (MIRL)}} on the surface of human cells protects againstcomplement-mediated damage by inhibiting {{c2::C9 polymerization}}
Published	01/04/2024	PAMPs from pathogenic surfaces like LPS, flagellin, and lipopeptides are recognized by TLR {{c1::1,2,4,5,6::#'s}}, which then go onto activate NFkB
Published	01/04/2024	PAMPs from within pathogens like dsRNA, ssRNA, and CpG DNA are recognized by TLR {{c1::3,7,9::#'s}}, which then go onto activate NFkB
Published	01/11/2024	Do Toll-like receptors bind PAMPs or DAMPs?{{c1::PAMPs mostly, but they CAN bind to DAMPs}}
Published	01/11/2024	The third signal for T-cell activation is {{c1::cytokines}}
Published	01/04/2024	Dendritic cells present antigens to T cells via MHC class {{c1::I and II}}
Published	01/04/2024	Too little IFN-y signaling will result in {{c1::recurrent infection (esp. Mycobacterium)::recurrent infection vs hyperinflammation}}
Published	01/04/2024	Too much IFN-y signaling will result in {{c1::hyperinflammation::recurrent infection vs hyperinflammation}}
Published	01/04/2024	Th2 cells secrete {{c1::IL-13}} to promote mucus secretion in the intestine
Published	01/04/2024	Th17 cells produce IL-{{c1::17}} to stimulate production of neutrophil chemokines
Published	01/04/2024	Which class of helper T cell responds to intracellular bacteria?{{c1::Th1}}
Published	01/04/2024	Which class of helper T cell responds to fungi?{{c1::Th17}}
Published	01/04/2024	Anti-metabolites like methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate, and leflunomide inhibit division of all cells in the body. This is useful for{{c1::im…
Published	01/04/2024	Order the four main glucocorticoids from least to most potent (also {{c3::shortest}} to {{c3::longest}} duration):{{c1::Hydrocortisone}} < {{c…
Published	01/11/2024	According to Dr. Reddy, all antihistamines are {{c1::inverse agonists}} of the {{c2::H1 receptor}}
Published	01/04/2024	Psoriasis is mediated by Th{{c1::17}} cells
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