Notes in gastrointestinal

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	12/13/2024	Oral {{c2::candidiasis}} is a white deposit on the tongue that {{c1::can}} be easily scraped away
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Hairy}} leukoplakia is a white, rough patch that arises on the {{c1::lateral}} tongue
Published	12/13/2024	Is hairy leukoplakia pre-malignant for oral squamous cell carcinoma? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	Oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia are usually seen in {{c1::immunocompromised}} individuals
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor? {{c1::Mucoepidermoid carcinoma}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Esophageal web}} is a thin protrusion of esophageal mucosa, most often in the upper esophagus
Published	12/13/2024	Mallory-Weiss syndrome is usually seen in {{c1::alcoholics}} and {{c2::bulimics}}
Published	12/13/2024	Mallory-Weiss syndrome presents with {{c1::hematemesis}} that can be painful
Published	12/13/2024	Is the hematemesis seen with Mallory-Weiss syndrome typically painful or painless? {{c1::Painful}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Boerhaave}} syndrome is a(n) {{c1::transmural}} laceration of the distal esophagus
Published	12/13/2024	Boerhaave syndrome presents as esophageal rupture with {{c1::pneumomediastinum (air in the mediastinum)}} and subcutaneous emphysema
Published	12/13/2024	Boerhaave syndrome is usually due to violent {{c1::retching}}
Published	12/13/2024	Esophageal varices arise secondary to {{c1::portal hypertension}}
Published	12/13/2024	Esophageal {{c2::varices}} are a common cause of death in patients with {{c1::cirrhosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Achalasia is characterized by {{c1::high}} LES pressure on esophageal manometry
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)}} is caused by reflux of acid from the stomach due to transiently decreased {{c2::LES}} tone
Published	12/13/2024	Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may present with chronic cough and adult-onset {{c1::asthma}}
Published	12/13/2024	Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may damage the {{c1::enamel}} of teeth
Published	12/13/2024	Late complications of GERD include:- {{c2::Barrett}} esophagus - ulcerations followed by esophageal {{c1::strictures}}
Published	12/13/2024	Esophageal strictures are associated with {{c1::caustic ingestion}} and {{c2::GERD}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which type of esophageal cancer is associated with obesity, GERD and Barrett's esophagus? {{c1::Adenocarcinoma::SCC or adenocarcinoma}}
Published	12/13/2024	Esophageal carcinoma is subclassified as {{c1::adenocarcinoma}} or {{c2::squamous cell carcinoma}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Adenocarcinoma}} of the esophagus is a malignant proliferation of glands
Published	12/13/2024	Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus most commonly arises from pre-existing {{c1::Barrett esophagus}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which part of the esophagus is typically affected by adenocarcinoma? {{c1::Lower 1/3rd}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Squamous cell carcinoma}} of the esophagus is a malignant proliferation of squamous cells
Published	12/13/2024	The most common causes of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus are {{c1::alcohol}} and {{c2::tobacco}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which type of esophageal cancer (SCC or adenocarcinoma) is associated with esophageal web (e.g. Plummer-Vinson syndrome)? {{c1::Squamous cell carcinom…
Published	12/13/2024	Which type of esophageal cancer (SCC or adenocarcinoma) is associated with esophageal injury (e.g. lye/caustic ingestion)? {{c1::Squamous cell carcino…
Published	12/13/2024	Which part of the esophagus is typically affected by squamous cell carcinoma? {{c1::Upper 2/3rds}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the prognosis of esophageal carcinoma? {{c1::Poor (presents late)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Symptoms of esophageal carcinoma include progressive {{c1::dysphagia (solids to liquids)}}, weight loss, pain, and hematemesis
Published	12/13/2024	Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus may present with {{c1::hoarseness}} due to involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Published	12/13/2024	Esophageal carcinoma in the upper third of the esophagus spreads to {{c1::cervical}} lymph nodes
Published	12/13/2024	Esophageal carcinoma in the middle third of the esophagus spreads to {{c1::mediastinal}}, {{c2::tracheobronchial}}, or {{c3::paratracheal}} lymph node…
Published	12/13/2024	Barrett esophagus is characterized by extension of the {{c1::squamocolumnar}} junction (Z-line) into the esophageal mucosa
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Eosinophilic esophagitis}} is characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus, often in {{c2::atopic}} patients
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Eosinophilic esophagitis}} presents with esophageal {{c1::rings}} and linear furrows, often seen on endoscopy
Published	12/13/2024	What infectious cause of esophagitis presents as white pseudomembranes? {{c1::Candida}}
Published	12/13/2024	Acute gastritis may arise with {{c1::shock}}, which presents as multiple stress ulcers secondary to ischemia
Published	12/13/2024	Gastric {{c1::erosions::erosions or ulcers}} involves loss of the {{c2::mucosal}} layer only
Published	12/13/2024	Gastric {{c1::ulcers::erosions or ulcers}} may extend into and beyond the {{c2::submucosa}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Chronic}} gastritis occurs due to chronic inflammation of the stomach mucosa
Published	12/13/2024	Which areas of the stomach are affected in chronic autoimmune gastritis? {{c1::body and fundus}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which area of the stomach is initially affected by chronic H. pylori gastritis? {{c1::Antrum}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common ulcer complication (both gastric and duodenal)?{{c1::Hemorrhage}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which type of duodenal ulcer is more commonly associated with hemorrhage? {{c1::Posterior::anterior or posterior}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which type of duodenal ulcer is more commonly associated with perforation? {{c1::Anterior::anterior or posterior}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Perforation}} of an anterior duodenal ulcer is characterized by free air under the diaphragm (pneumoperitoneum)
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common classification of gastric carcinoma (e.g. SCC, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, etc.)? {{c1::Adenocarcinoma}}
Published	12/13/2024	The intestinal type of gastric carcinoma most commonly arises on the {{c1::lesser curvature of the antrum}}
Published	12/13/2024	The {{c2::intestinal}} type of gastric carcinoma is associated with {{c1::nitrosamines}}, which are found in smoked foods (common in Japan)
Published	12/13/2024	Gastric carcinoma typically presents {{c1::late::timing}} with weight loss, early satiety, abdominal pain, and anemia
Published	12/13/2024	Gastric carcinoma may spread and involve the {{c1::periumbilical}} region, also known as a(n) {{c2::Sister Mary Joseph nodule}}
Published	12/13/2024	What congenital anomaly is caused by cystic dilation of the vitelline duct? {{c1::Vitelline cyst (enterocyst)}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Volvulus}} is caused by twisting of a portion of bowel around its mesentery
Published	12/13/2024	Volvulus can lead to {{c1::obstruction}} and {{c2::infarction}} of the affected bowel region
Published	12/13/2024	Volvulus of the {{c1::midgut}} is more commonly seen in infants and children
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common pathologic lead point for intussusception in children over 2? {{c1::Meckel diverticulum}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Acute}} mesenteric ischemia may occur due to a thrombotic or embolic occlusion of the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} artery
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Acute}} mesenteric ischemia may occur due to a thrombosis of the {{c1::mesenteric}} vein
Published	12/13/2024	Acute mesenteric ischemia is associated with transmural infarction and perforation, which may cause {{c1::septic shock}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Acute mesenteric ischemia}} is associated with small bowel necrosis and abdominal pain out of proportion to physical findings
Published	12/13/2024	Lactose intolerance is characterized by a(n){{c1::decreased}} stool pH
Published	12/13/2024	Celiac disease is classically seen in people of {{c1::northern European}} descent
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Whipple}} disease is characterized by systemic tissue damage with macrophages loaded with {{c1::Tropheryma whipplei}} organisms
Published	12/13/2024	Abetalipoproteinemia is a(n) {{c1::autosomal recessive}} inherited malabsorption disorder that is caused by a mutation in the {{c2::microsomal triglyc…
Published	12/13/2024	The symptoms of {{c5::carcinoid}} syndrome may be remembered with the mnemonic "Be FDR": Be: {{c1::bronchospasm}}F: {{c2::flushing}}D: {{c3::diarrhea}…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Appendicitis}} is defined as acute inflammation of the appendix
Published	12/13/2024	Appendicitis in adults is typically related to obstruction of the appendix by a(n) {{c1::fecalith}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Appendicitis}} presents with diffuse periumbilical pain that eventually localizes to {{c1::McBurney's point}}
Published	12/13/2024	Appendicitis may lead to rupture, resulting in peritonitis with guarding and {{c1::rebound tenderness}} on physical exam
Published	12/13/2024	One sign of appendicitis is the {{c1::Rovsing}} sign, which is pain over the right iliac fossa with palpation of the left iliac fossa
Published	12/13/2024	What other pathologies should be on a differential when considering appendicitis?{{c1::Diverticulitis}} (elderly) and {{c2::ectopic pregnancy}}
Published	12/13/2024	Inflammatory bowel disease is subclassified as {{c1::ulcerative colitis}} or {{c2::Crohn disease}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which form of IBD involves only mucosal and submucosal ulcers?{{c1::Ulcerative colitis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which form of IBD involves transmural inflammation with "knife-like" fissures? {{c1::Crohn disease}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Ulcerative colitis}} (IBD) is characterized by continuous colonic lesions that always involve the rectum
Published	12/13/2024	Ulcerative colitis always involves the {{c1::rectum}} and can extend proximally up to the {{c2::cecum}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Crohn disease}} (IBD) is characterized by {{c1::skip}} lesions, which can occur anywhere from the mouth to the anus
Published	12/13/2024	Which form of inflammatory bowel disease typically spares the rectum?{{c1::Crohn disease}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which form of IBD always causes bloody diarrhea? {{c1::Ulcerative colitis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which form of IBD may cause bloody or non-bloody diarrhea? {{c1::Crohn disease}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Ulcerative colitis::IBD}} is characterized histologically by {{c1::crypt abscesses}} with neutrophils, ulcers, and bleeding
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Crohn disease}} (IBD) is characterized histologically by lymphoid aggregates with {{c1::noncaseating granulomas}}
Published	12/13/2024	Complications of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease include malabsorption and {{c1::colorectal}} cancer
Published	12/13/2024	Risk for colorectal cancer development from IBD is based on extent of {{c1::colonic}} involvement and {{c2::duration}} of disease
Published	12/13/2024	Complications of ulcerative colitis include {{c1::toxic megacolon}}, which may perforate, and fulminant colitis
Published	12/13/2024	Which form of IBD is associated with fistula formation? {{c1::Crohn disease}}
Published	12/13/2024	One complication of Crohn disease is a(n) {{c1::enterovesical}} fistula, which can cause UTI and pneumaturia
Published	12/13/2024	Which form of IBD is associated with perianal disease, phlegmon/abscess formation, and strictures? {{c1::Crohn disease}}
Published	12/13/2024	Extraintestinal manifestations of IBD include {{c1::eye}} inflammation, such as uveitis and episcleritis
Published	12/13/2024	Extraintestinal manifestations of IBD include oral {{c1::ulcerations (aphthous stomatitis)}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Ulcerative colitis::IBD}} may be associated with positive serum {{c1::p-ANCA}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Crohn disease}} (IBD) may be associated with positive serum {{c1::anti-Saccharomyces cervisiae antibodies (ASCA)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Treatment for acute exacerbation of Crohn disease often involves {{c1::corticosteroids}}
Published	12/13/2024	What treatment is curative for ulcerative colitis? {{c1::Colectomy}}
Published	12/13/2024	Diverticulosis is related to wall {{c1::stress (pulsion diverticulosis)}} (e.g. constipation, straining, low fiber diet) and {{c2::obesity}}
Published	12/13/2024	What demographic is commonly associated with diverticulosis? {{c1::Older adults (risk increases with age)::age group}}
Published	12/13/2024	Diverticulosis is usually {{c1::asymptomatic}} or associated with vague discomfort
Published	12/13/2024	Complications of diverticulosis include painless rectal {{c1::bleeding (hematochezia)}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Diverticulitis}} is a complication of diverticulosis due to inflammation of diverticula
Published	12/13/2024	Diverticulitis classically presents with a triad of {{c1::LLQ}} pain, fever, and {{c2::leukocytosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	What GI tract pathology presents with appendicitis-like symptoms in the LLQ? {{c1::Diverticulitis}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the general treatment for diverticulitis? {{c1::Antibiotics}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Ischemic colitis}} is caused by ischemic damage to the colon
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Irritable bowel}} syndrome is recurrent abdominal pain with > 2 of the following: - Pain {{c2::related}} to defecation - Change in stool {{c3…
Published	12/13/2024	Is irritable bowel syndrome related to structural abnormalities? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	Adenomatous colonic polyps may progress to adenocarcinoma via the {{c1::adenoma-carcinoma}} sequence
Published	12/13/2024	Screening for colorectal polyps/carcinoma is performed by {{c1::colonoscopy}} and testing for {{c2::fecal occult blood (stool guaiac test)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Can an adenomatous polyp be distinguished from a hyperplastic polyp on gross examination (e.g. colonoscopy)? {{c1::No (thus remove all polyps)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which type of polyp has greater malignant potential, sessile or pedunculated? {{c1::Sessile}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)}} is a(n) {{c1::autosomal dominant::inheritance}} disorder characterized by 100s to 1000s of aden…
Published	12/13/2024	Colorectal cancer arises in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis via the "{{c1::2-hit}} hypothesis"
Published	12/13/2024	Familial adenomatous polyposis is treated with {{c1::prophylactic colectomy}}, or else 100% of patients progress to CRC
Published	12/13/2024	Colorectal carcinoma is the {{c1::third}} most common cause of cancer-related death
Published	12/13/2024	Lynch syndrome is associated with increased risk for {{c1::colorectal}}, {{c2::endometrial}}, {{c3::ovarian}}, and skin cancers
Published	12/13/2024	Screening for colorectal carcinoma in low-risk patients begins at {{c1::45}} years of age (e.g. colonoscopy, fecal occult blood (stool guaiac test))
Published	12/13/2024	Risk factors for colorectal carcinoma include {{c1::adenomatous}} and {{c2::serrated}} polyps
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Right}}-sided colorectal carcinoma presents with vague pain, weight loss, and {{c1::iron deficiency}} anemia
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Iron deficiency}} anemia in males (especially > 50) and postmenopausal females raises suspicion of {{c1::colorectal}} carcinoma
Published	12/13/2024	Colorectal carcinoma may be visualized as an "{{c1::apple core}}" lesion seen on barium enema X-ray
Published	12/13/2024	Is the CEA tumor marker useful for screening for colorectal carcinoma? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	Is the CEA tumor marker useful for monitoring recurrence of colorectal carcinoma? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Adhesions}} are fibrous bands of scar tissue that commonly form after GI {{c2::surgery}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Acute pancreatitis}} is due to {{c2::autodigestion}} of pancreatic parenchyma by pancreatic enzymes
Published	12/13/2024	In acute pancreatitis, {{c1::trypsin}} is prematurely activated, which leads to activation of other pancreatic enzymes
Published	12/13/2024	One criteria for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is increased serum {{c1::amylase}} or {{c2::lipase}}
Published	12/13/2024	Chronic pancreatitis is most often secondary to recurrent acute {{c1::pancreatitis}}
Published	12/13/2024	What are the major causes of chronic pancreatitis in adults? {{c1::Alcohol}} and {{c2::genetic predisposition (ex. Cystic Fibrosis)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Pancreatitis (acute and chronic) may present with {{c1::epigastric}} abdominal pain that radiates to the {{c2::back}}
Published	12/13/2024	What endocrine pathology may arise secondary to chronic pancreatitis? {{c1::Diabetes mellitus}}
Published	12/13/2024	What type of cancer (e.g. SCC, adenocarcinoma, etc.) is pancreatic carcinoma? {{c1::Adenocarcinoma}}
Published	12/13/2024	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma often presents with {{c1::epigastric}} abdominal pain that radiates to the {{c2::back}}
Published	12/13/2024	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma often presents with weight {{c1::loss}}, secondary to malabsorption and anorexia
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Pancreatic adenocarcinoma}} often presents as obstructive {{c1::jaundice}} with a(n) {{c2::painless}}, palpable gallbladder
Published	12/13/2024	Treatment of pancreatic {{c2::adenocarcinoma}} includes the {{c1::Whipple}} procedure, chemotherapy, and radiation
Published	12/13/2024	What is the prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma? {{c1::Very poor (1-year survival < 10%)}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Cholelithiasis (gallstones)}} are solid, round stones in the gallbladder
Published	12/13/2024	Cholelithiasis may arise due to {{c1::stasis}} of the gallbladder
Published	12/13/2024	Risk factors for {{c5::cholesterol}} gallstones may be remembered with the "4 F's": 1. {{c1::Fat}}2. {{c2::Female (estrogen increases activity of HMG-…
Published	12/13/2024	What classes of lipid lowering drugs are associated with cholesterol gallstone formation? {{c1::Fibrates and bile acid resins::2}}
Published	12/13/2024	The most common gallstone complication is {{c1::cholecystitis}}
Published	12/13/2024	What imaging technique is used to diagnose gallstones? {{c1::Ultrasound}}
Published	12/13/2024	Gallstones may be treated with elective {{c1::cholecystectomy}} if symptomatic
Published	12/13/2024	Biliary {{c2::colic}} is a waxing and waning {{c1::right upper}} quadrant pain associated with gallstones; may also have nausea and vomiting
Published	12/13/2024	Biliary {{c1::colic}} occurs due to gallbladder contraction against a stone lodged in the {{c2::cystic}} duct
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Cholecystitis}} is an acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder with gallbladder wall thickening
Published	12/13/2024	Is cholecystitis typically calculous or acalculous? {{c1::Calculous}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Calculous}} cholecystitis results from an impacted stone in the {{c1::cystic}} duct, resulting in dilatation with inflammation and bacterial ove…
Published	12/13/2024	Acute {{c2::cholecystitis}} presents with RUQ pain that often radiates to the {{c1::right scapula}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Cholecystitis}} is associated with a positive {{c1::Murphy's}} sign, which is inspiratory arrest on RUQ palpation due to pain
Published	12/13/2024	Chronic cholecystitis presents with vague RUQ pain, especially after {{c1::eating}}
Published	12/13/2024	Cholecystitis is diagnosed with {{c1::ultrasound}} or {{c2::HIDA scan}}
Published	12/13/2024	Porcelain gallbladder is treated with prophylactic {{c1::cholecystectomy}} due to high rates of gallbladder cancer (mostly adenocarcinoma)
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Ascending cholangitis}} is a bacterial infection of the {{c2::bile ducts}}
Published	12/13/2024	Ascending cholangitis is usually due to ascending infection with enteric gram-{{c1::negative}} bacteria
Published	12/13/2024	{{c4::Ascending cholangitis}} classically presents with the Charcot triad of {{c1::jaundice}}, {{c2::fever}}, and {{c3::RUQ pain}}
Published	12/13/2024	In addition to the Charcot triad, Ascending cholangitis may also present with {{c1::altered mental status}} and {{c2::shock}} (Reynolds pentad)
Published	12/13/2024	There is an increased incidence of ascending cholangitis with {{c1::choledocholithiasis}} (stones in the biliary ducts)
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Choledocholithiasis}} is the presence of gallstones is the {{c2::common bile}} duct, often leading to elevated ALP…
Published	12/13/2024	What type of cancer (e.g. SCC, adenocarcinoma, etc.) is gallbladder carcinoma? {{c1::Adenocarcinoma}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma? {{c1::Poor}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)}} is due to an inherited mutation in the {{c1::APC}} gene on chromosome {{c2::5q::arm}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Pancreatic}} adenocarcinoma is associated with the serum tumor markers {{c1::CA 19-9}} and {{c2::CEA}} (less specific)
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Jaundice}} is a yellow discoloration of the skin and/or sclera
Published	12/13/2024	Does hemolysis result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? {{c1::Unconjugated}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the treatment for physiologic neonatal jaundice? {{c1::Non-UV phototherapy}}
Published	12/13/2024	In addition to hepatitis virus, viral hepatitis may also be caused by {{c1::EBV}} and {{c2::CMV}}
Published	12/13/2024	Alcoholic cirrhosis may be associated with {{c1::sclerosis}} around central veins in early disease
Published	12/13/2024	Portal hypertension can lead to {{c1::ascites}}, which is fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Published	12/13/2024	Is hepatic encephalopathy reversible or irreversible? {{c1::Reversible}}
Published	12/13/2024	How do levels of estrogen change in cirrhosis? {{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2024	Increased {{c1::estrogen}} in cirrhosis may lead to {{c2::spider angiomas}} and {{c3::palmar erythema}} (dermatologic symptoms)
Published	12/13/2024	Increased estrogen in cirrhosis may lead to {{c1::gynecomastia}}, testicular atrophy, and amenorrhea (reproductive symptoms)
Published	12/13/2024	Cirrhosis may present with peripheral edema, secondary to {{c1::hypoalbuminemia}}
Published	12/13/2024	Cirrhosis may present with {{c1::coagulopathies}} due to decreased synthesis of clotting factors
Published	12/13/2024	Is liver failure followed with PT or PTT? {{c1::PT}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common cause of liver disease in the West? {{c1::Alcohol consumption}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Hemochromatosis}} is characterized by organ damage, secondary to excess iron
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Hemochromatosis}} is associated with HLA-{{c1::A3}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c4::Hemochromatosis}} classically presents with a triad of {{c1::cirrhosis}}, {{c2::diabetes mellitus}}, and {{c3::bronze skin}}
Published	12/13/2024	Hemochromatosis is characterized by {{c1::increased}} ferritin
Published	12/13/2024	The coarse yellowish-brown pigment in hepatocytes / kupffer cells from hemochromatosis may be distinguished from lipofuscin by staining with {{c1::Pru…
Published	12/13/2024	Treatment for hemochromatosis may include repeated {{c1::phlebotomy}}
Published	12/13/2024	What type of drug are deferasirox, deferoxamine, and deferiprone (oral)?{{c1::Iron chelators}}
Published	12/13/2024	What GI disorder may be treated with deferasirox, deferoxamine, and oral deferiprone? {{c1::Hemochromatosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Wilson disease typically presents {{c1::before}} age 40
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Primary biliary cholangitis}} is a(n) {{c1::autoimmune}} granulomatous destruction of {{c2::intra}}-hepatic bile ducts
Published	12/13/2024	Does primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) affect intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts? {{c1::Intrahepatic}}
Published	12/13/2024	Primary biliary cholangitis is associated with other {{c1::autoimmune}} diseases
Published	12/13/2024	Which biliary tract disease is caused by extrahepatic biliary obstruction? {{c1::Secondary biliary cholangitis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Secondary biliary cholangitis may be complicated by ascending {{c1::cholangitis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Reye syndrome may occur due to decreased {{c1::β-oxidation}} secondary to reversible inhibition of {{c2::mitochondrial}} enzymes in hepatocytes by asp…
Published	12/13/2024	Hepatic {{c2::adenomas}} are rare, benign tumors associated with {{c1::OCP}} and {{c1::anabolic steroid}} use; regress upon cessation of drug
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)}} is the most common primary malignant liver tumor in adults
Published	12/13/2024	Risk factors for {{c1::hepatocellular}} carcinoma include chronic hepatitis (e.g. HBV, HCV)
Published	12/13/2024	Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma include causes of {{c1::cirrhosis}} (e.g. alcohol, NAFLD, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, A1AT deficiency)
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Hepatocellular}} carcinoma increases risk for Budd-Chiari syndrome
Published	12/13/2024	In addition to HCC, Budd-Chiari syndrome may also be seen with hypercoagulable and post-{{c1::partum}} states
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