Notes in Auditory Pathways

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Published	11/21/2024	Sound course through cochlea{{c1::Oval window::ear structure}}{{c2::Scala vestibuli (vestibular duct)::ear structure}}Passes through {{c2::helicotrema…
Published	11/19/2024	{{c2::Vestibular membrane (Reissner's membrane)}} separates {{c1::scala vestibuli (vestibular duct)}} and {{c1::cochlear duct}}
Published	11/19/2024	Cochlear duct contains hair cellsHair cells have apical modifications called {{c1::stereocilia}}mechanosensing organelles of hair cells
Published	11/20/2024	{{c1::Inner hair}} cellsInnervated by cochlear nerveReceives 95% of its innervationLocated on {{c1::basilar membrane::cochlear structure}}primary&nbsp…
Published	11/19/2024	Outer hair cellsInnervated by {{c1::motor::somatic/motor}} nervesFunction: sound {{c1::amplification}}Molecular motors change outer hair cell {{c2::he…
Published	11/19/2024	Cochlear nerveFirst order {{c1::sensory::fiber type}} nerveCell body in {{c1::spiral}} ganglion
Published	11/21/2024	Cochlear nervePeripheral process Receives input from {{c1::inner hair}} cellsCentral processProjects towards CN {{c1::VIII}} nuclei
Published	11/19/2024	Basilar membraneBasal (near) endSenses {{c1::high::high/low}} pitch{{c1::Thin::wide/thin}}{{c1::Rigid::flexibile/rigid}}Apical (far) endSenses {{c1::l…
Published	11/19/2024	Each frequency activates corresponding portion of {{c1::basilar membrane}}The deflection of the {{c2::stereocillia::organelle}} is converted to action…
Published	11/21/2024	Inner hairs {{c1::depolarize::action}} or {{c1::hyperpolarize::action}} from resting potential depending on {{c2::stereocilia deflection dir…
Published	11/19/2024	Hearing: Central Pathways1st order cells: {{c1::spiral}} ganglia {{c2::cochlear}} nucleus in pons2nd order cells: {{c3::contralateral::ipsilatera…
Published	11/21/2024	Hearing: Central PathwaysSome 2nd order cell bodies from cochlear nucleus project ipsilaterally for sound {{c1::localization::ability}}
Published	11/19/2024	Auditory cortex is arranged {{c1::tonotopically}}High frequency = {{c2::posterior::anterior/posterior}} auditory cortexCorresponds to {…
Published	11/20/2024	Startle reponseRelays to {{c1::reticular formation::brain structure}} and {{c1::cortical association areas::brain structures}}
Published	11/21/2024	Vestibulo-ocular reflex pathway{{c1::Paramedian pontine reticular}} nucleus in ponsProjects to {{c2::Extraocular motor}} nuclei to control gazeProject…
Published	11/21/2024	Interaural time differenceAllows for sound {{c2::localization::ability}} via two processesTiming:Triggers both {{c2::cochlear}} nuclei relays at&…
Published	11/21/2024	Interaural level difference{{c1::Head::structure}} dampens sound reaching distant earBilateral projections excite {{c2::ipsilateral::ipsilat…
Published	11/19/2024	Lesion to {{c2::cochlear}} nucleus, {{c2::cochlear}} nerve, or {{c2::spiral}} ganglion = {{c1::ipsilateral deafness::special …
Published	11/19/2024	Lesion {{c1::medial::medial/lateral}} to cochlear nucleus results in deficts in some sound {{c2::higher-level processing}} an…
Published	11/21/2024	Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) typically arise on {{c1::vestibular}} nerve and can first compress {{c1::basal (outer)::basal/…
Published	11/21/2024	Conductive hearing loss: mechanicalCause: abnormal sound {{c1::transmission}} to {{c1::inner ear::ear portion}}Clinical presentation{{c1::loss of…
Published	11/21/2024	Sensorineural hearing loss: receptors of nervesCause: abnormal {{c1::Hair cell damage}} or abnormal {{c1::cochlear nerve fiber damage (inner ear)}}Eti…
Published	11/19/2024	Sound reaches inner ear via {{c1::air}} conduction or {{c1:: bone}} conduction
Published	11/19/2024	{{c2::Rinne}} testNormal result:{{c1::air}} conduction is louder than {{c1::bone}} conduction
Published	11/21/2024	Rinne TestAbnormal (negative) result:{{c1::Bone}} conduction is louder than {{c1::air}} conductionTests for: {{c2::conductive hearing loss (in tested …
Published	11/19/2024	Rinne test cannot detect {{c1::sensorineural}} hearing loss
Published	11/21/2024	In Rinne Test, tuning fork is placed against {{c1::mastoid::bone}} to test bone conduction then near {{c1::ear canal::ear structure}} to air cond…
Published	11/19/2024	In Weber test, tuning fork placed at {{c1::center of forehead::body location}}
Published	11/19/2024	Weber TestLocalization to side with {{c2::conductive}} hearing loss
Published	11/19/2024	Weber TestLocalization to side without {{c1::sensorineural}} hearing loss
Published	11/19/2024	Newborn Hearing Screening{{c2::Otoacoustic emission}}Tone is “reflected” from {{c1::cochlea::ear structure}} suggesting normal hearing
Published	11/19/2024	Newborn Hearing Screening{{c2::Auditory brainstem response}}{{c1::Leads}} record activity along various points of peripheral pathway and central pathw…
Published	11/21/2024	{{c1::Tinnitus::clinical anomaly}}‘phantom’ perception of constant toneTypical cause: {{c2::traumatic hair cell damage}} which is interpreted as const…
Published	11/21/2024	Cochlear implantTreatment for {{c1::sensorineural}} hearing lossReceiver transmits auditory signals to electrode coil to stimulate {{c1::cochlear}} ne…
Published	11/21/2024	Rinne + Weber test findings
Published	11/21/2024	Rinne + Weber test findings
Published	11/21/2024	Rinne + Weber test findings
Published	11/21/2024	Rinne + Weber test findings
Published	11/21/2024	Rinne + Weber test findings
Published	11/21/2024	Rinne + Weber test findings
Published	11/21/2024	Rinne + Weber test findings
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