Notes in 07-X-Valvular Heart Disease

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Published	12/13/2023	Where is the aortic valve auscultated?{{c1::2nd intercostal space at the right sternal border}}
Published	12/13/2023	Where is the pulmonic valve auscultated?{{c1::2nd intercostal space at the left sternal border}}
Published	12/13/2023	The valve between the {{c2::right}} atrium and {{c2::right}} ventricle is the {{c1::tricuspid valve.}}
Published	12/13/2023	The valve between the {{c2::left}} atrium and {{c2::left}} ventricle is the {{c1::mitral valve.}}
Published	12/13/2023	Where is the mitral valve auscultated?{{c1::5th intercostal space, midclavicular line}}
Published	12/13/2023	Where is the tricuspid valve auscultated? {{c1::4th intercostal space, left sternal border}}
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with aortic stenosis, {{c1::hypotension}} will decrease coronary perfusion pressure, leading to myocardial ischemia.
Published	12/13/2023	The heart sound {{c2::S2}} is due to {{c1::aortic}} and {{c1::pulmonic}} valve closure.
Published	12/13/2023	Systole is the interval between {{c1::S1 and S2}}
Published	12/13/2023	What pathologic heart sound is heard right before S1?{{c1::S4}}
Published	12/13/2023	The volume of the S1 heart sound is proportional to the {{c1::force of contraction}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The volume of the S2 heart sound is proportional to the {{c1::LV pressure decrease}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Valvular {{c1::stenosis}} causes a {{c2::pressure}} overload.
Published	12/13/2023	Valvular {{c1::regurgitation}} causes a {{c2::volume}} overload.
Published	12/13/2023	What valvular disease is represented by this pressure-volume loop?{{c1::Aortic stenosis}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does aortic stenosis affect the end-systolic volume?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does aortic stenosis affect the afterload?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	Is CPR effective in patients with aortic stenosis?{{c1::Usually not :(}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does aortic stenosis affect the contractility?{{c1::Normal (until late in disease)}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does aortic stenosis affect the pulmonary vascular resistance?{{c1::Normal (until late in disease)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of anesthesia should be avoided in patients with aortic stenosis?{{c1::Spinal anesthesia}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does aortic stenosis affect stroke volume?{{c1::Decreased (fixed)}}
Published	12/13/2023	In aortic stenosis, the {{c1::dicrotic notch}} can be missing on an arterial waveform.
Published	12/13/2023	How does aortic stenosis affect the systolic upstroke on arterial waveform?{{c1::Decreased slope (slower upstroke)}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does aortic stenosis affect the pulse pressure?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	In mitral stenosis, is the left atrium is overfilled or underfilled?{{c1::Overfilled}}
Published	12/13/2023	In mitral stenosis, is the left ventricle is overfilled or underfilled?{{c1::Underfilled}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does mitral stenosis affect the end-diastolic volume?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does mitral stenosis affect the stroke volume?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does mitral stenosis affect the cardiac output?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the compensatory mechanism to maintain blood pressure in patients with mitral stenosis?{{c1::Increased SVR}}
Published	12/13/2023	What surgical procedure can be used to treat atrial fibrillation by creating scar tissue?{{c1::Maze procedure}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the goal for management of heart rate in patients with mitral stenosis?{{c1::Low-normal}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the goal for management of afterload in patients with mitral stenosis?{{c1::normal (maintain)}}
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with mitral stenosis, the PAOP {{c1::over}}estimates the LVEDV.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of hypertrophy does the left atrium undergo in patients with mitral stenosis?{{c1::Concentric hypertrophy}}
Published	12/13/2023	In the setting of mitral valve regurgitation, increase in the {{c1::LV → LA}} pressure gradient will increase the regurgitant fraction.
Published	12/13/2023	In a patient with {{c3::mitral regurgitation}}, the pressure-volume loop is characterized by {{c2::shrinking end-diastolic volume }} during …
Published	12/13/2023	What finding on a PAOP waveform is characteristic of mitral regurgitation?{{c1::Prominent cv waves}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the goal for management of afterload in patients with mitral regurgitation?{{c1::decrease}}
Published	12/13/2023	How is systolic anterior motion managed intraoperatively?Increasing the {{c2::intravascular volume}} and {{c1::afterload}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does acute mitral regurgitation affect the afterload?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does acute mitral regurgitation affect the forward stroke volume?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does chronic mitral regurgitation (early) affect the stroke volume?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does chronic mitral regurgitation (late) affect the stroke volume?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	What valvular disease is represented by this pressure-volume loop?{{c1::Mitral stenosis}}
Published	12/13/2023	What valvular disease is represented by this pressure-volume loop?{{c1::Mitral regurgitation}}
Published	12/13/2023	What valvular disease is represented by this pressure-volume loop?{{c1::Aortic regurgitation}}
Published	12/13/2023	What stage of mitral regurgitation is characterized by an increased stroke volume?{{c1::Chronic}}
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with {{c2::aortic regurgitation::valvular dysfunciton}}, cardioplegia must be injected {{c1::retrograde}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In a patient with aortic regurgitation, the pressure-volume loop is characterized by a {{c2::increasing}} end-systolic volume during {{…
Published	12/13/2023	What stage of aortic regurgitation is characterized by an increased stroke volume?{{c1::Chronic}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the goal for management of preload in patients with aortic regurgitation?{{c1::high-normal}}
Published	12/13/2023	On an arterial pressure waveform, aortic regurgitation is characterized by a {{c1::sharp}} upstroke.
Published	12/13/2023	On an arterial pressure waveform, aortic regurgitation is characterized by a {{c1::wide}} pulse pressure.
Published	12/13/2023	On an arterial pressure waveform, aortic regurgitation is characterized by a {{c1::low}} diastolic pressure.
Published	12/13/2023	in concentric hypertrophy, the sarcomeres are added in {{c1::parallel::what arrangement}}
Published	12/13/2023	In eccentric hypertrphy, the sarcomeres are added in {{c1::series::what arrangement}}
Published	12/13/2023	In a pt with aortic regurgitation, the arterial  waveform has a {{c1::sharp}} upstroke, a {{c1::low}} diastolic pressure, and a {{c1::wide}} puls…
Published	12/13/2023	Mitral stenosis result in {{c1::low}} LVEDV, {{c1::low}} LV SV, and {{c1::low}} CO
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Aortic stenosis}} is a systolic murmur heard at R sternal border
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Aortic regurgitation}} is a Diastolic murmur heard at the right Sternal border
Published	12/13/2023	In TAVR procedures, rapid ventricular pacing is a unique feather required for deployment of the {{c1::Edwards SAPIAN::this brand of}} valve
Published	12/13/2023	In TAVR procedures, rapid ventricular pacing is NOT required for deployment of the {{c1::Medtronic CoreValve::this brand of}} valve
Published	12/13/2023	What is the appropriate medical (medication) management for a pt in acute AI (like in a trauma)? {{c1::vasodilator (Nitro) AND consider Inotrope}…
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