Notes in BIO 1A - Lecture 4 1/31

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Published	02/05/2025	Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the {{c1::plasma membrane}}.
Published	02/05/2025	Phospholipids are {{c1::amphipathic}}, with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Published	02/05/2025	What does the fluid mosaic model describe?
Published	02/05/2025	In the phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads face {{c1::water}}.
Published	02/05/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0844:top=.1621:width=.2386:height=.2082:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0763:top=.4863:width=.2695:height=.249…
Published	02/05/2025	Phospholipids in the plasma membrane move laterally {{c1::frequently}} but flip-flop {{c2::rarely}}.
Published	02/05/2025	What type of hydrocarbon tails make the membrane fluid?
Published	02/05/2025	What type of hydrocarbon tails make the membrane viscous?
Published	02/05/2025	Cholesterol in the cell membrane helps maintain fluidity by preventing {{c1::tight packing}} of phospholipids.
Published	02/05/2025	What kind of movement and membrane condition does this image depict?
Published	02/05/2025	Where are peripheral proteins located?
Published	02/05/2025	Integral proteins penetrate the {{c1::hydrophobic core}} of the membrane.
Published	02/05/2025	What are integral proteins that span the membrane called?
Published	02/05/2025	The hydrophobic regions of integral proteins consist of {{c1::nonpolar amino acids}} coiled into {{c2::alpha helices}}.Back:
Published	02/05/2025	How do transmembrane proteins differ from other integral proteins?
Published	02/05/2025	The six major functions of membrane proteins are transport, enzymatic activity, {{c1::signal transduction}}, cell-cell recognition, intercellular join…
Published	02/05/2025	Which membrane protein function involves passing substances across the membrane?
Published	02/05/2025	What is the role of membrane proteins in signal transduction?
Published	02/05/2025	How do membrane proteins assist in cell-cell recognition?
Published	02/05/2025	Intercellular joining occurs when membrane proteins form {{c1::junctions}} between adjacent cells.
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Published	02/05/2025	Why do membranes have distinct inside and outside faces?
Published	02/05/2025	The asymmetrical distribution of membrane components is established in the {{c1::ER}} and {{c2::Golgi apparatus}}.
Published	02/05/2025	What determines the sidedness of a membrane?
Published	02/05/2025	Membranes have distinct faces because of the {{c1::asymmetrical distribution}} of components.
Published	02/05/2025	The {{c1::ER}} and {{c2::Golgi apparatus}} determine the asymmetrical distribution of membrane components.
Published	02/05/2025	What is the role of vesicles in membrane sidedness?
Published	02/05/2025	The plasma membrane has a {{c1::cytoplasmic}} face and an {{c2::extracellular}} face.
Published	02/05/2025	What property of plasma membranes allows them to regulate molecular traffic?
Published	02/05/2025	Hydrophobic molecules, such as {{c1::hydrocarbons}}, can pass through the membrane {{c2::rapidly}}.
Published	02/05/2025	The plasma membrane controls exchange of materials between the cell and its surroundings, a process called {{c1::selective permeability}}.
Published	02/05/2025	How do polar molecules like sugars move through the plasma membrane?
Published	02/05/2025	What is passive transport?
Published	02/05/2025	What happens at dynamic equilibrium in diffusion?
Published	02/05/2025	Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to {{c1::spread out evenly}} into available space.
Published	02/05/2025	While individual molecules move randomly, a population of molecules shows net movement in {{c1::one direction}} during diffusion.
Published	02/05/2025	What is osmosis?
Published	02/05/2025	What drives the movement of water during osmosis?
Published	02/05/2025	Water diffuses from a region of {{c1::lower solute concentration}} to a region of {{c2::higher solute concentration}}.
Published	02/05/2025	What is tonicity?
Published	02/05/2025	In an {{c1::isotonic}} solution, the solute concentration is the same as inside the cell, so there is {{c2::no net water movement}}.
Published	02/05/2025	In a {{c1::hypotonic}} solution, the solute concentration is lower than inside the cell, so the cell {{c2::gains water}}.
Published	02/05/2025	What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
Published	02/05/2025	Compare isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions in terms of water movement.
Published	02/05/2025	What is the role of transport proteins in the membrane?
Published	02/05/2025	What are aquaporins?
Published	02/05/2025	{{c1::Channel proteins}} have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel.
Published	02/05/2025	Aquaporins are transport proteins that help water move across the membrane {{c1::rapidly}}.
Published	02/05/2025	{{c1::Channel proteins}} provide corridors for specific molecules or ions to cross the membrane.
Published	02/05/2025	Ion channels are {{c1::gated}} and open or close in response to a {{c2::stimulus}}.
Published	02/05/2025	What is facilitated diffusion?
Published	02/05/2025	What is the function of aquaporins?
Published	02/05/2025	How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?
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Published	02/05/2025	What distinguishes active transport from facilitated diffusion?
Published	02/05/2025	What type of proteins perform active transport?
Published	02/05/2025	Why is facilitated diffusion considered passive?
Published	02/05/2025	Active transport requires energy, usually in the form of {{c1::ATP}}.
Published	02/05/2025	In active transport, solutes move {{c1::against}} their concentration gradient, unlike facilitated diffusion, where solutes move {{c2::down}} their gr…
Published	02/05/2025	Voltage is created by differences in the distribution of {{c1::positive and negative ions}}.
Published	02/05/2025	An {{c1::electrogenic pump}} is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane.
Published	02/05/2025	The {{c1::proton pump}} is the main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria.
Published	02/05/2025	What is membrane potential?
Published	02/05/2025	What are the two forces that drive ion diffusion across a membrane?
Published	02/05/2025	What is the major electrogenic pump in animal cells?
Published	02/05/2025	What does the electrochemical gradient consist of?
Published	02/05/2025	How do large molecules, like proteins, cross the membrane?
Published	02/05/2025	What happens during exocytosis?
Published	02/05/2025	Compare exocytosis and endocytosis.
Published	02/05/2025	Bulk transport, such as exocytosis and endocytosis, requires {{c1::energy}}.
Published	02/05/2025	In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules by forming {{c1::vesicles}} from the plasma membrane.
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