Notes in 02_inflammation

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Published	12/28/2023	What's the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Published	12/28/2023	What is acute inflammation? When does it occur?
Published	12/28/2023	Acute inflammation: rapidity of response? Specificity?
Published	12/28/2023	What cells possess toll-like receptors (TLRs) and what do they do?
Published	12/28/2023	What TLR co-receptor is canonically present on macrophages? What does it recognize?
Published	12/28/2023	TLR activation leads to what downstream molecular effects?
Published	12/28/2023	Do lymphocytes ever express TLRs?
Published	12/28/2023	Cyclooxygenase produces what immune mediators, and from what substrate? What do they do?
Published	12/28/2023	What immune factors does 5-lipoxygenase produce, and from what substrate? What do they do?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 2 main mediators of pain?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 2 functions of PGE2?
Published	12/28/2023	What 4 mediators that attract neutrophils?
Published	12/28/2023	Where are mast cells located?
Published	12/28/2023	What 3 processes can activate mast cells?
Published	12/28/2023	Compare and contrast the immediate and delayed responses of mast cells to activation:
Published	12/28/2023	What is the complement system?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the final pathway of complement activation:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the classical pathway of complement activation:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the alternative pathway of complement activation:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the mannose-binding lecithen (MBL) pathway of complement activation:
Published	12/28/2023	What are the anaphylatoxins and what do they do?
Published	12/28/2023	Two functions of C5a?
Published	12/28/2023	One function of C3b?
Published	12/28/2023	Function of MAC?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Hageman factor? How is it activated? What 3 functions does it carry out once activated?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the kinin system:
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes rubor and calor? Three key mediators?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes tumor? Two key mediators?
Published	12/28/2023	2 key mediators of dolor (pain)?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathway by which pyrogens induce fever:
Published	12/28/2023	What are the (7) steps of neutrophil arrival and function?
Published	12/28/2023	How does margination mechanistically occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 steps that induce leukocyte rolling?
Published	12/28/2023	How does adhesion occur (leukocyte) (be specific with which cytyokines upregulate which receptors)?
Published	12/28/2023	What two substances are released from Weibel-Palade bodies?
Published	12/28/2023	What is leukocyte adhesion deficiency? What specific molecules are involved?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the clinical features of leukocyte adhesion deficiency (3)?
Published	12/28/2023	During transmigration/chemotaxis, what chemical attractants do neutrophils follow?
Published	12/28/2023	What is phagocytosis, and what are its targets?
Published	12/28/2023	What factors enhance phagocytosis?
Published	12/28/2023	How does phagocytosis occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 phases of acute inflammation?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Chediak-Higashi syndrome? What are the 6 clinical symptoms?
Published	12/28/2023	Where does the marginated pool of neutrophils primarily exist within the body?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 2 mechanisms of phagolytic killing? Which is most effective?
Published	12/28/2023	What broader pathway is the oxidative burst part of? Describe the entire pathway, paying special attention to the enzymes involved:
Published	12/28/2023	What is chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) (also state inheritence pattern)?
Published	12/28/2023	What infections are patients with CGD inclined to acquire?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the screening test for CGD?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the molecular and infectious consequences of MPO deficiency?
Published	12/28/2023	Can you detect MPO deficiency with nitroblue tetrazolium test?
Published	12/28/2023	What enzymes are contained within macrophage and eosinophil secondary granules, respectively?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe resolution of a pyogenic infection:
Published	12/28/2023	Why do catalase(+) organisms and not catalase(-) cause infection in chronic granulomatous disease?
Published	12/28/2023	Where do monocytes become macrophages?
Published	12/28/2023	How do macrophages enter the tissue in inflammation?
Published	12/28/2023	How do macrophages kill pathogens?
Published	12/28/2023	What anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages initiate infection resolution?
Published	12/28/2023	Macrophages can direct the progression of inflammation in 4 ways - what are they?
Published	12/28/2023	What is continued acute inflammation? What cytokine is it mediated by?
Published	12/28/2023	What is an abscess?
Published	12/28/2023	Generally speaking, how is chronic inflammation mediated by macrophages?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 general stimuli for chronic inflammation?
Published	12/28/2023	What the most common cause of chronic inflammation?
Published	12/28/2023	What makes up the TCR complex? What does it do?
Published	12/28/2023	What MHC molecules do CD4 cells use? CD8?
Published	12/28/2023	What 2 signals are required for T cell activation?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the 2nd signal for CD4 helper T cell activation?
Published	12/28/2023	What cytokines do Th1 cells secrete? What functions do they perform?
Published	12/28/2023	What cytokines do Th2 cells secrete? What are their functions?
Published	12/28/2023	What cells express MHC I? What does MHC I do?
Published	12/28/2023	How are B cells activated (2 pathways)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the 2nd signal for B cell activation?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the 2nd signal for CD8 T cell activation?
Published	12/28/2023	How do cytotoxic CD8+ T cells kill (2 pathways)?
Published	12/28/2023	What's the defining key feature of granulomas?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the structure of a granuloma:
Published	12/28/2023	What are 2 broad categories of chronic inflammation?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 2 categories of granulomatous inflammation?
Published	12/28/2023	What distinguishes caseating granulomas from non-caseating granulomas? What organisms cause caseating granulomas?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe non-caseating granulomatous inflammation. Common causes?
Published	12/28/2023	What disease is associated with stellate-shaped granulomas?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the hallmark lesion in Crohn disease? Ulcerative colitis?
Published	12/28/2023	What stains can you use to determine the etiology of a caseating granuloma?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the steps involved in granuloma formation?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the primary immunodeficiencies (8)?
Published	12/28/2023	SLE represents what type of hypersensitivity?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)? What is a classic "presenting complaint"?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the difference between regeneration and repair?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common immunodeficiency?
Published	12/28/2023	Where does T cell negative selection occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What cells can present self-antigen to the T cell during Negative Selection (2)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is AIRE?
Published	12/28/2023	Where are the stem cells in the small and large bowel located?
Published	12/28/2023	Where are the stem cells of the skin located?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the stem cell of the lung?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the three types of tissues (based on regenerative capacity)?
Published	12/28/2023	What does granulation tissue consist of (3 important components)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is collagenase? What cofactor does it require?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two types of cutaneous healing?
Published	12/28/2023	What cell is responsible for mediating wound contraction?
Published	12/28/2023	What are four possible causes of delayed wound healing? How does each cause a delay?
Published	12/28/2023	What are keloids? What material are they made of?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes DiGeorge Syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 most common cardiac abnormalities seen in DiGeorge syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the mnemonic for the symptoms of DiGeorge?
Published	12/28/2023	What are three causes of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?
Published	12/28/2023	What kinds of infections are people with SCID susceptible to?
Published	12/28/2023	What class of therapeutics is contraindicated in patients with SCID? Name examples.
Published	12/28/2023	What is the treatment for SCID?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)?
Published	12/28/2023	When does XLA first present? Why does it take this long?
Published	12/28/2023	What infections are common in patients with XLA (3)?
Published	12/28/2023	What therapeutic must be avoided in patients with XLA?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)?
Published	12/28/2023	CVID increases risk for the development of what two noninfectious conditions?
Published	12/28/2023	IgA deficiency presents with an increased risk for developing what kinds of infection? What autoimmune disease is it associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	Hyper IgM syndrome is caused by what?
Published	12/28/2023	What kinds of infection are typical of hyper IgM syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is characterized by a triad of what 3 clinical findings
Published	12/28/2023	C5-C9 deficiency renders a patient susceptible to what kinds of infection?
Published	12/28/2023	C1 inhibitor (or "esterase") deficiency results in what clinical condition?
Published	12/28/2023	What antibody is associated with mixed connective tissue disease?
Published	12/28/2023	Under what circumstance(s) does a scar form?
Published	12/28/2023	What role does collagenase play in scar formation?
Published	12/28/2023	List the 5 important mediators of tissue regeneration and the roles they play:
Published	12/28/2023	What is the US prevalence of autoimmune disease?
Published	12/28/2023	Self reactive T lymphocytes can develop tolerance in two ways. Describe:
Published	12/28/2023	Mutation of AIRE leads to what condition?
Published	12/28/2023	Where do B cells undergo central tolerance? What can their fates be?
Published	12/28/2023	Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is caused by what?
Published	12/28/2023	What immunosuppressive cytokines do Tregs secrete?
Published	12/28/2023	CD25 (AKA the IL-2 receptor) polymorphisms are associated with what autoimmune conditions?
Published	12/28/2023	FOXP3 mutations are associated with what disorder?
Published	12/28/2023	Why do we think that autoimmunity is more common in women?
Published	12/28/2023	Overlapping features of autoimmune disease are generally explainable by what immunologic concept?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathophysiologic progression of SLE:
Published	12/28/2023	Deficiencies in which three complement proteins are associated with SLE?
Published	12/28/2023	What are some common clinical features of SLE?
Published	12/28/2023	Most common form of kidney injury in SLE?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 5 antibodies associated with SLE?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 important antiphospholipid antibodies seen in SLE? Do any yield important clinical findings?
Published	12/28/2023	What are four common locations of thrombosis seen in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome? What are the significant clinical sequelae of each?
Published	12/28/2023	Antihistone antibody is characteristic of what disorder?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the most common causes of drug-induced lupus?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the most common causes of death in SLE patients (3)?
Published	12/28/2023	Whereas SLE is a type II/III hypersensitivity reaction, Sjögren sydnrome is:
Published	12/28/2023	Sjögren's syndrome presents with what 3 symptoms?
Published	12/28/2023	What autoimmune disorder is Sjögren syndrome associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What biomarker is usually present in both primary and secondary Sjögren syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What three antibodies is Sjögren syndrome associated with, and what key clinical manifestation is associated with one of them?
Published	12/28/2023	Lymphocytic sialadenitis on lip biopsy is a diagnostic criterion for what disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What cancer are Sjögren patients at increased risk for developing? Where does it develop?
Published	12/28/2023	What is systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and who does is most commonly present in?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathogenesis of scleroderma:
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two types of scleroderma?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the protypical limited type scleroderma and what are the important clinical features?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 organs most commonly involved in diffuse-type scleroderma?
Published	12/28/2023	What antibody is most classically associated with diffuse-type scleroderma?
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