Notes in L19 - Gluconeogenesis

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Published	11/02/2024	gluconeogenesis generates glucose from a {{c1::non-carbohydrate}} precursor when there is a lack of glucose from dietary {{c1::carbohydrates}}
Published	11/02/2024	gluconeogenesis starts around {{c1::8}} hours after fasting and is the only source of glucose (once glycogen stores are depleted) after {{c1::~24}} ho…
Published	11/02/2024	gluconeogenesis mainly takes place in the {{c1::liver}} but can also occur in the {{c1::kidneys}}
Published	11/02/2024	besides 1 bypass step in the mitochondria, gluconeogenesis takes place in the {{c1::cytosol}}
Published	11/02/2024	gluconeogenesis requires {{c1::6}} ATP equivalents ({{c1::4}} ATP, {{c1::2}} GTP) and {{c1::2}} NADH per glucose generated from 2 pyruvate molecules
Published	11/02/2024	the main function of gluconeogenesis is to {{c1::maintain and stabilize glucose levels in the blood}}
Published	11/02/2024	what are possible precursors for gluconeogenesis?{{c1::glycerolamino acidspyruvatelactate}}
Published	11/02/2024	glycerol comes from {{c1::triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis}} and can enter gluconeogenesis as {{c1::dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) }}
Published	11/02/2024	exercising muscle and RBCs produce {{c1::lactate}} that can be converted to {{c1::glucose}} in the liver
Published	11/02/2024	the cori cycle is when muscle cells produce {{c1::lactate}} that is converted to {{c1::pyruvate}} and then enters gluconeogenesis to produce glucose t…
Published	11/02/2024	the cori cycle prevents accumulation of {{c1::lactate}} in the blood
Published	11/02/2024	hydrolysis of tissue proteins produces {{c1::amino acids}} that can enter and be used in gluconeogenesis as {{c1::α-ketoacids}}
Published	11/02/2024	all amino acids except for {{c1::leucine}} and {{c1::lysine}} are glucogenic and can be used to produce glucose
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::pyruvate kinase}} is bypassed through 2 reactions:1) {{c1::pyruvate}} → {{c1::oxaloacetate (OAA)}} by {{c1::pyruvate carboxylase::enzyme}}2) {{c…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::PFK-1}} is bypassed through the conversion of {{c1::F1,6BP}} to {{c1::F6P}} by {{c1::fructose 1,6-biphosphatase (FBPase)}}
Published	11/02/2024	FBPase is only found in the {{c1::liver}} and {{c1::kidneys}} and is why gluconeogenesis cannot occur in other organs
Published	11/02/2024	hexokinase/glucokinase is bypassed by the conversion of {{c1::G6P}} to {{c1::glucose}} by {{c1::G6Pase}}
Published	11/02/2024	the bypassing of hexokinase/glucokinase primarily occurs in the {{c1::liver}} but can also occur in the {{c1::kidney}}
Published	11/02/2024	are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis ever active at the same time?{{c1::no}}
Published	11/02/2024	glucagon {{c1::stimulates}} gluconeogenesis and {{c1::inhibits}} glycolysis in the liver
Published	11/02/2024	F2,6BP activates glycolysis by activating {{c1::PFK-1}} and inhibits gluconeogenesis by inhibiting {{c1::FBPase}}
Published	11/02/2024	insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis by increasing {{c1::F2,6BP}} levels
Published	11/02/2024	glucagon and cortisol increase {{c1::PEPCK}} transcription to promote gluconeogenesis
Published	11/02/2024	Epinephrine promotes {{c1::gluconeogenesis}} and inhibits {{c1::glycolysis}} in the liver while activating {{c1::glycolysis}} in the skeletal muscle
Published	11/02/2024	high {{c1::ATP}}, {{c1::NADH}}, and {{c1::amino acid}} availability promotes gluconeogenesis
Published	11/02/2024	high TAG hydrolysis increases the concentration of {{c1::acetyl CoA}} which activates {{c1::pyruvate carboxylase}} in a fasted state
Published	11/02/2024	AMP {{c1::inhibits}} gluconeogenesis by inhibiting {{c1::FBPase}} and activating {{c1::PFK-1}}
Published	11/02/2024	Rise of {{c1::AMP/ATP}} ratio indicates a low-energy state and {{c1::activates}} glycolysis
Published	11/02/2024	glucagon {{c1::activates}} PKA which stimulates gluconeogenesis
Published	11/02/2024	insulin {{c1::activates }}protein phosphatase-1 which inhibits gluconeogenesis
Published	11/02/2024	the most common gluconeogenic enzyme deficiency is {{c1::G6Pase}} deficiency
Published	11/02/2024	gluconeogenic enzyme deficiency can lead to {{c1::hypoglycemia}}, {{c1::lightheadedness}}, and {{c1::fatigue}}
Published	11/02/2024	Von Gierke Disease aka {{c1::glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1}} is a G6Pase deficiency and is {{c1::autosomal recessive::inheritance}}
Published	11/02/2024	the two subtypes of von gierke disease are:GSD type Ia - defect of the {{c1::catalytic unit}}GSD type Ib - defect of the {{c1::glucose-6-phosphate tra…
Published	11/02/2024	fasting hypoglycemia, fatty liver, hepatomegaly, and renomegaly, growth retardation, renal disease, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia are…
Published	11/02/2024	GSDI is diagnosed through identification of {{c1::G6PC}} or {{c1::SLC37A4}} mutations
Published	11/02/2024	GSDI can be managed through a diet consisting of complex carbohydrates and more specifically {{c1::uncooked cornstarch}}
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