Notes in 08 Mediastinum

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Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the Mediastinum The {{c6::prevascular}} compartment is bordered by;(a) superiorly, the {{c1::thoracic inlet}} (…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the Mediastinum The {{c5::visceral}} compartment is bordered by;(a) superiorly, the {{c1::thoracic inlet}}&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the Mediastinum The {{c1::phrenic}}, {{c2::vagus}}, and {{c3::recurrent laryngeal}} nerves pass through the {{c4::AP wind…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the MediastinumThe {{c3::Paravertebral}} compartment of the mediastinum is bordered by:(a) anterior boundary is {{c1…
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Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum The {{c2::anterior junction}} line is formed by {{c1::4}} layers of {{c1::pleura (parietal and visceral pleura of each l…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum The {{c2::posterior junction}} line is formed by {{c3::4}} layers of {{c3::pleura (parietal and visceral pleura of each …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum The {{c1::right and left paratracheal stripes}} are formed by {{c2::two}} layers of pleura where the medial aspect of {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Thickening of the right/left paratracheal stripe is most commonly due to a {{c1::paratracheal mass (including adenopathy…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum The {{c3::posterior tracheal}} stripe or {{c3::tracheoesophageal}} stripe is the only interface seen on t…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum The {{c3::right and left paraspinal}} lines are actually {{c1::interfaces}} but appear as lines due to Mach effect …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum A {{c2::paraspinal}} line abnormality suggests a {{c1::paravertebral mediastinal}} mass, including {{c3::hematoma}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum The {{c1::Azygoesophageal Recess}} is an interface formed by the contact of the {{c2::posteromedial right lower lobe}} a…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Distortion of the {{c2::Azygoesophageal Recess}} may be due to {{c1::esophageal::organ}} mass, {{c3::hiatal}} herni…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum The {{c1::Aortopulmonary (AP)}} window is a mediastinal space nestled underneath the {{c3::aortic arch (which forms the …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum On a normal frontal radiograph, the {{c3::AP window}} is a shallow concave contour below {{c1::the aortic knob}} and abo…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumObliteration of the {{c4::Retrosternal Clear}} space suggests a {{c1::prevascular}} mediastinal mass, {{c2::right ve…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum The {{c1::left superior intercostal (LSIV)}} vein is a normal vein that is not often seen on radiography. When visible, …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Deformation of the {{c1::Anterior Junction}} line suggests a {{c3::prevascular}} mediastinal mass. However, since i…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum The {{c1::Hilum overlay}} sign is present on the frontal view if hilar vessels are visualized through the mass. It indic…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Distortion of the {{c5::azygoesophageal recess}}, distortion of the {{c4::posterior junction}} line, {{c3::paratrac…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Distortion or displacement of the {{c2::paraspinal}} lines suggests {{c1::paravertebral (posterior mediastinal)}} d…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumThe differential diagnosis for a {{c5::prevascular}} mediastinal mass includes:-{{c4::Thymic epithelial}} neopl…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumAbnormal convexity (outwards bulging) of the Aortopulmonary (AP) window suggests a mass arising from or involving structu…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum {{c1::Thymoma}} is the most common primary tumor of the anterior mediastinum and typically occurs in {{c2::middle-aged o…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum A Thymoma is associated with {{c1::myasthenia gravis (MG)::specific paralytic pathology}}. Approximately {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum In addition to myasthenia gravis, thymomas are associated with other diseases including {{c1::red cell aplasia}}, hypo{{…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Thymoma can be pathologically classified as low-risk or high-risk based on histology, and non-invasive or invasive based…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum ~{{c1::30}}% of Thymomas are invasive.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Drop metastases from invasive thymoma spread along {{c1::pleural and pericardial surfaces.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Unlike thymoma, {{c2::thymic carcinoma::malignancy}} is histologically malignant, very aggressive, and often metast…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Distinction between {{c1::invasive thymoma}} and thymic carcinoma is difficult by imaging alone.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum A thymic cyst may be secondary to {{c1::radiation}} therapy (e.g., administered to treat Hodgkin disease), associated wi…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum A congenital thymic cyst may occur anywhere along the course of thymic descent from the neck, but most commonly in the {…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum CT findings of a Thymic Cyst show a {{c1::simple fluid-attenuation cyst}} in the prevascular mediastinum, typically…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum {{c2::Thymolipoma}} is a {{c1::benign::benign/malignant}} fat-containing lesion with interspersed soft tissue. It m…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum {{c2::Thymic hyperplasia}} appears as {{c1::diffuse::focal/diffuse}}, {{c1::symmetric::symmetric/asymmetric}} thymi…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum True {{c2::thymic}} hyperplasia is a reaction to systemic {{c1::stressors}}, such as {{c3::radiation}} therapy…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum {{c2::Lymphoid}} Hyperplasia is associated with {{c1::myasthenia gravis}}, {{c4::SLE}}, {{c5::RA}}, {{c6::scleroderma}},…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum {{c1::Teratoma}} is the most common mediastinal germ cell tumor, usually encapsulated and often predominantly {{c2::cyst…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum {{c1::Seminoma}} is the most common malignant prevascular mediastinal germ cell tumor. It occurs almost exclusively in {…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Malignant Germ cell tumor (GCT) occurs almost exclusively in {{c1::males::gender}}. There is a higher incidence of Media…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum Both {{c1::Hodgkin}} disease and {{c1::non-Hodgkin}} lymphoma are important differential considerations for an {{c2::ant…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum {{c1::Lymphoma}} often presents as an aggressive, invasive mass. There is usually associated mediastinal {{c2::lymphaden…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c1::Low}} attenuation lymph nodes, while nonspecific, should raise concern for active {{c2::Tuberculosis}} or an a…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c1::Hemorrhagic}}, {{c1::high}}-attenuation lymph nodes can be seen in {{c2::anthrax}} inhalation as part of hemorrhagi…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the MediastinumThe Prevascular (anterior) Mediastinum contains {{c1::fat}}, {{c2::lymph nodes}}, the …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the MediastinumThe Visceral (middle) Mediastinum contains the {{c1::thoracic duct::drainage}}, {{c2::lymph node…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the MediastinumThe Paravertebral (posterior) Mediastinum contains the {{c1::thoracic}} spine and the {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the MediastinumDeformation of the {{c3::Posterior Junction}} line suggests a {{c1::paravertebral}} mediast…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the MediastinumElevation of a hemidiaphragm in a Thymoma is suggestive of {{c1::phrenic nerve}} invasion.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the MediastinumA {{c2::fat/fluid}} level is specific for {{c1::Teratoma::prevascular compartment malignancy}}, …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the MediastinumDiagnosis: {{c1::Teratoma}} in the {{c1::prevascular}} mediastinumRed arrow: {{c2::gynecomastia}…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Anatomy of the MediastinumIn Lymphoma, calcification is {{c1::rare::common/rare}} in untreated disease and {{c1::comm…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumLymph Node {{c1::calcification}}, {{c2::low}} attenuation, and {{c3::avid}} enhancement are unusual f…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumVery dense lymph node {{c1::calcification}} can be seen in {{c2::sarcoidosis}} or as a sequela of pri…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c1::Avid}} lymph node enhancement can be seen in {{c2::Castleman}} disease, {{c3::sarcoidosis::auto…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c1::Avidly}} enhancing metastases include: {{c2::Renal Cell}} Carcinoma{{c3::Thyroid}} Carcinoma{{c4::Lung}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c1::Castleman}} disease, also known as {{c2::angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia::4 words}}, is a cause of…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumThe key imaging feature in {{c1::Castleman::named}} disease is {{c2::avidly}} enhancing lymph nodes.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c1::Unicentric}} Castleman disease is seen as a {{c2::single enlarged::2 words}} lymph node in {{c3…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c1::Multicentric}} Castleman disease is almost always seen in patients with {{c2::AIDS}} associated {{c2::HHV…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumA prominent {{c1::epicardial fat pad}} silhouettes the cardiac border on frontal radiograph and may simulate ca…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumA {{c1::pericardial}} cyst is a benign cystic lesion thought to be {{c2::congenital::origin}}. Most a…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumThe key to diagnosing a thyroid mass within the visceral mediastinum is to show {{c1::continuity superiorl…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumDiagnosis: {{c1::heterogenous mass with coarse calcifications replacing the thyroid gland extending into the middle media…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumThyroid lesions can extend into the visceral mediastinum due to an embryological fascial plane created by …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumDiagnosis: {{c1::Retrocardiac lucency, CT confirming hiatal hernia, rugae visible}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumA {{c1::Morgagni}} hernia is a diaphragmatic hernia through the foramen of {{c1::Morgagni}} that occurs&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumA(n) {{c1::anterior}} mediastinal mass in contact with the diaphragm, containing {{c2::bowel gas}} is…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c1::Foregut duplication}} cysts include {{c2::bronchogenic}} cysts, {{c3::esophageal duplication}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c1::Bronchogenic}} cysts can arise from any mediastinal compartment, but are most commonly near the&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumCardiac or aortopulmonary {{c1::paragangliomas}} can present as a visceral compartment mediastinal mass, a…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumA {{c1::paraganglioma}} or extra{{c2::-adrenal pheochromocytoma}} is a highly vascular neuroendocrine tumor tha…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumA visceral mediastinal compartment paraganglioma tends to be {{c1::parasympathetic::sympathetic/parasympat…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumMalignancy can occur in up to {{c1::10}}% of extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. They are {{c2::functioning or non…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumParagangliomas/extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas on CT appear as a hyper{{c1::vascular}} mass with robust {{c2::f…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumParagangliomas/extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas on MRI present as a T{{c1::1}} {{c2::intermediate}}, T{{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumRed arrow: {{c1::central area of necrosis}}Yellow arrow: {{c2::hypervascular mediastinal mass}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumA {{c1::Neurogenic}} tumor may arise from either a peripheral nerve or a {{c2::sympathetic ganglia}}.&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumNeurogenic Tumors in adults mostly arise from {{c1::peripheral nerve sheaths}} and the vast majority in childre…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c1::Neurogenic Tumors}} are the most common paravertebral compartment mediastinal masses.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumNeurogenic Tumors generally appear as a {{c1::smooth::smooth, irregular, round, nodular}}, {{c1::round::smooth,…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumInterval growth of Neurogenic Tumors with regions of internal {{c1::heterogeneity}} should raise concern f…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumPeripheral nerve tumors (Neurogenic Tumors) in adults include:-{{c1::Schwannomas::most common}}-{{c2::Neurofibromas}}-Mal…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumSchwannomas on MRI appear as a heterogenous T{{c1::2}} hyperintense signal within a {{c2::cystic lesion}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumSympathetic Ganglion Tumors (Neurogenic tumors in children/young adults) include:-{{c1::Ganglioneuroma::most common}…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c4::Paragangliomas}} can arise in the paravertebral component of the mediastinum from {{c1::spinal}},&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumExtramedullary Hematopoiesis presents as soft tissue in the {{c1::paravertebral}} compartment of the media…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumExtramedullary Hematopoiesis presents on imaging as a {{c1::lobulated::characteristic not location}} soft …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Mediastinum{{c2::Intrathoracic/Lateral Meningocele}} is a herniation of the {{c1::leptomeninges}} through an intervertebra…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumLateral Meningocele is associated with the disorder {{c1::Neurofibromatosis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumLateral/Intrathoracic Meningocele presents as a mediastinal mass in the {{c1::paravertebral}} compartment
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumYellow Arrows: {{c1::Paraspinal line displacement}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumT{{c2::1}} weighted imageYellow Arrows: {{c1::marrow edema and paraspinal phlegmonous change}}There is also loss of&…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumT{{c2::2}} weighted imageYellow Arrows: {{c1::paraspinal phlegmonous change}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: MediastinumForegut duplication cysts are often {{c1::low}} attenuation, with internal heterogeneity due to {{c2:…
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