Notes in 3 Acid-Base Physiology

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Published	11/18/2024	Which of the following pH ranges is considered compatible with life?A) 6.5–8.0B) 6.8–7.8C) 7.2–7.6D) 7.0–8.0
Published	11/18/2024	Which of the following is a potential physiological effect of severe acidosis?A) TetanyB) SeizuresC) CNS depression leading to comaD) Increased cardia…
Published	11/18/2024	The bicarbonate buffer system is effective because:A) It has a pKa of 7.4, close to the blood’s pH.B) It operates only in the renal system.C) Both CO2…
Published	11/18/2024	In respiratory acidosis, which of the following is true?A) Hyperventilation is the primary cause.B) The pH of blood decreases due to HCO3⁻ loss.C) PCO…
Published	11/18/2024	Which buffer system is most abundant in intracellular fluid?A) Bicarbonate bufferB) Phosphate bufferC) Protein bufferD) Hemoglobin buffer
Published	11/18/2024	During alkalosis, the following change occurs in the central nervous system:A) Neuronal activity is depressed, leading to coma.B) Increased excitabili…
Published	11/18/2024	What is the primary mechanism for removing non-volatile acids from the body?A) Exhalation through the lungsB) Buffering by hemoglobinC) Renal excretio…
Published	11/18/2024	Which statement about carbon dioxide transport is correct?A) The majority of CO2 in the blood is transported as dissolved CO2 gas.B) 70% of CO2 is tra…
Published	11/18/2024	Which condition results from excessive loss of CO2 due to hyperventilation?A) Respiratory alkalosisB) Respiratory acidosisC) Metabolic acidosisD) Meta…
Published	11/18/2024	Which of the following best describes the physiological role of respiratory regulation in acid-base balance?A) Rapid adjustment of ECF pH by regulatin…
Published	11/18/2024	How does increased alveolar ventilation affect extracellular fluid (ECF) pH?A) Decreases ECF pH by increasing CO2 levelsB) Increases ECF pH by e…
Published	11/18/2024	During exercise, increased lactic acid production initially leads to which of the following physiological responses?A) Decreased ventilationB) Increas…
Published	11/18/2024	What is the most common clinical impact of severe emphysema on acid-base balance?A) Enhanced bicarbonate reabsorptionB) Impaired elimination of CO2, l…
Published	11/18/2024	What is the primary role of the kidneys in acid-base regulation?A) Regulating oxygen levels in bloodB) Excretion of CO2 via bicarbonateC) Reabsorption…
Published	11/18/2024	For each hydrogen ion (H+) excreted as titratable acid, what happens to bicarbonate (HCO3-)?A) It is filtered and excreted in urineB) It is synthesize…
Published	11/18/2024	Glutamine metabolism in the kidneys produces which substances that aid in acid-base regulation?A) One HCO3- ion and two NH4+ ionsB) Two HCO3- ions and…
Published	11/18/2024	Why is hypoventilation a limited response to alkalosis?A) It increases bicarbonate reabsorptionB) It decreases oxygen levels, leading to a rebound hyp…
Published	11/18/2024	What is the normal range for arterial blood pH?A) 7.25 - 7.35B) 7.30 - 7.40C) 7.35 - 7.45D) 7.40 - 7.50
Published	11/18/2024	Which acid-base disturbance is characterized by a plasma bicarbonate (HCO3-) level below 22 mEq/L?A) Respiratory acidosisB) Respiratory alkalosisC) Me…
Published	11/18/2024	Which condition is most likely caused by hypoventilation and retention of CO2?A) Metabolic alkalosisB) Respiratory acidosisC) Metabolic acidosisD) Res…
Published	11/18/2024	What is the primary compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?A) Renal reabsorption of HCO3-B) Increased alveolar ventilationC) Hypoventilation t…
Published	11/18/2024	In respiratory alkalosis, what happens to bicarbonate (HCO3-) during renal compensation?A) It increases significantlyB) It decreasesC) It remains unch…
Published	11/18/2024	Which acid-base disorder is associated with plasma HCO3- above 26 mEq/L?A) Metabolic alkalosisB) Respiratory acidosisC) Metabolic acidosisD) Respirato…
Published	11/18/2024	How does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?A) By retaining CO2 through hypoventilationB) By excreting fixed acids through the kidneysC) By hy…
Published	11/18/2024	Which acid-base disorder results from direct stimulation of the medullary respiratory center causing hyperventilation?A) Respiratory acidosisB) Respir…
Published	11/18/2024	Which of the following conditions can lead to respiratory acidosis due to failure to exchange CO2 between pulmonary capillary blood and alveolar gas?A…
Published	11/18/2024	What is the normal range for the anion gap in plasma?A) 4–8 mEq/LB) 8–12 mEq/LC) 8–16 mEq/LD) 10–20 mEq/L
Published	11/18/2024	Which of the following is a cause of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis?A) DiarrheaB) Renal tubular acidosisC) Diabetic ketoacidosisD) Vomiting
Published	11/18/2024	Which acid-base disorder is associated with normal anion gap but increased plasma chloride levels?A) Respiratory acidosisB) Metabolic alkalosisC) Hype…
Published	11/18/2024	What is the primary cation used to calculate the anion gap?A) Potassium (K+)B) Calcium (Ca2+)C) Sodium (Na+)D) Magnesium (Mg2+)
Published	11/18/2024	In the diagnostic approach for acid-base disorders, what is the first step?A) Determine compensation statusB) Assess whether pH is high or lowC) Evalu…
Published	11/18/2024	In metabolic alkalosis, which of the following laboratory findings is expected?A) Decreased HCO3-B) Increased PCO2C) Increased HCD) Decreased pH
Published	11/18/2024	A patient has pH 7.28, HCO3- 22 mEq/L, and PCO2 50 mmHg. What is the acid-base disorder?A) Respiratory acidosisB) Metabolic acidosisC) Respiratory alk…
Published	11/18/2024	In metabolic acidosis, what happens to PCO2 during respiratory compensation?A) It increasesB) It decreasesC) It remains unchangedD) It fluctuates unpr…
Published	11/18/2024	What tool can be used to graphically interpret ABG values and assess acid-base status?A) Compensation curveB) NomogramC) Acid-base tableD) Anion gap c…
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