Notes in Block 6 Biochemical nutrition

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Published	02/26/2024	One external source of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) in the body is through {{c1::ingestion/diet}}
Published	02/26/2024	One source of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is through synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the presence of {{c1::UV light}}
Published	02/26/2024	Which amino acid is the precursor to serotonin and niacin? {{c1::Tryptophan}}
Published	02/26/2024	Pyruvate dehydrogenase requires five enzymes/cofactors: 1. {{c1::Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1)}}2. {{c2::Lipoic acid}}3. {{c3::Coenzyme A (B5, pantothen…
Published	02/26/2024	Which Krebs cycle enzyme requires the same 5 cofactors as pyruvate dehydrogenase (TLCFN)? {{c1::α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency result in mildly elevated {{c1::homocysteine}} levels, increasing risk for thrombosis
Published	02/26/2024	Which vitamin deficiencies are associated with increased risk for thrombosis? {{c1::Vitamin B12 and B9 (folate)::2}}
Published	02/26/2024	Korsakoff's syndrome results from nutritional depletion of {{c1::B1 (thiamine)}}
Published	02/26/2024	What vitamin acts as a cofactor for aminotransferase enzymes? {{c1::B6 (Pyridoxal phosphate)}}
Published	02/26/2024	Methylmalonyl-CoA may be converted to {{c1::succinyl-CoA}} via the enzyme {{c2::methylmalonyl-CoA mutase}} (with {{c3::vitamin B12}} as a cofactor)
Published	02/26/2024	{{c4::Homocysteine}} may be converted to {{c1::methionine}} via the enzyme {{c2::methionine synthase}} (with {{c3::methyl-THF}} and {{c3::vitamin B12}…
Published	02/26/2024	{{c4::Dihydroxyphenylalaline (DOPA)}} may be converted to {{c1::dopamine}} via the enzyme {{c2::DOPA decarboxylase}} (with {{c3::vitamin B6}} as a cof…
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c1::A}} is also known as {{c2::retinol}}
Published	02/26/2024	The {{c1::retinal}} form of vitamin A is a constituent of {{c2::visual}} pigments
Published	02/26/2024	One sign of vitamin {{c2::A}} deficiency is {{c1::bitot spots}} on conjunctiva due to {{c3::squamous}} metaplasia of corneal epithelium
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B1}} is also known as {{c2::thiamine}}
Published	02/26/2024	What is the coenzyme (active) form of vitamin B1? {{c1::Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)}}
Published	02/26/2024	Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::pyruvate dehydrogenase}} (glycolysis)
Published	02/26/2024	Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase}} (TCA cycle)
Published	02/26/2024	Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::transketolase}} (HMP shunt)
Published	02/26/2024	Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase}} (amino acid metabolism)
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B1 (thiamine)}} deficiency causes impaired {{c1::glucose}} breakdown with consequent {{c2::ATP}} depletion
Published	02/26/2024	ATP depletion in vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency is worsened by {{c1::glucose}} infusion
Published	02/26/2024	Which tissues are affected first in vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency? {{c1::Highly aerobic tissue (e.g. brain, heart)}}
Published	02/26/2024	Is the memory loss associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome temporary or permanent? {{c1::Permanent}}
Published	02/26/2024	Diagnosis of B1 (thiamine) deficiency is made by measuring increased {{c1::transketolase}} activity in {{c2::red blood cells}} following thiamine admi…
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B2}} is also known as {{c2::riboflavin}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a precursor to {{c1::FAD}} and {{c1::FMN}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is involved in many {{c1::redox}} reactions
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B3}} is also known as {{c2::niacin}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B3 (niacin) is a constituent of {{c2::NAD+}} and {{c2::NADP+}}
Published	02/26/2024	Synthesis of vitamin B3 (niacin) requires vitamins {{c1::B2}} and {{c2::B6}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B3 (niacin) is involved in many {{c1::redox}} reactions
Published	02/26/2024	What vitamin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan?{{c1::Vitamin B3 (niacin)}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B3 (niacin) is used to treat {{c1::dyslipidemia}}
Published	02/26/2024	Severe deficiencies of vitamin {{c2::B3}} can lead to {{c1::pellagra}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B3 (niacin)}} excess is characterized by {{c1::facial flushing}}; can be avoided by taking {{c2::NSAIDs}} if given 30-60 minutes before …
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B3 (niacin)}} excess is associated with hyper-{{c1::glycemia}} and hyper-{{c2::uricemia}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B5}} is also known as {{c2::pantothenic acid}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B5 (pantothenic acid)}} is an essential component of {{c1::coenzyme A}} and fatty acid synthase
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B5}} deficiency (rare) presents with dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, and {{c1::adrenal}} insufficiency
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B6}} is also known as {{c2::pyridoxine}}
Published	02/26/2024	What is the coenzyme (active) form of vitamin B6? {{c1::Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)}}
Published	02/26/2024	What vitamin is used as a cofactor for transamination, decarboxylation reactions, and glycogen phosphorylase?{{c1::B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)}}
Published	02/26/2024	What vitamin is used as a cofactor for synthesis of cystathionine, heme, histamine, and neurotransmitters?{{c1::B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B6 deficiency may occur with {{c1::isoniazid}} and {{c2::oral contraceptive}} use
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B6}} deficiency is characterized by {{c1::sideroblastic}} anemia and {{c3::peripheral neuropathy}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B7}} is also known as {{c2::biotin}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a cofactor for {{c1::carboxylation}} reactions
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B7 (biotin)}} deficiency may be caused by excessive ingestion of {{c1::raw eggs}}, which contain {{c2::avidin}}
Published	02/26/2024	In addition to ingestion of raw eggs, vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency may occur with {{c1::antibiotic}} use or {{c2::biotinidase}} deficiency
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency presents with {{c1::alopecia}}, macular dermatitis, mental status changes, enteritis, and lactic acidosis
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B9 (folate)}} is stored in the {{c2::liver}} for up to 3-4 {{c1::months}}
Published	02/26/2024	What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S.?{{c1::Folate (vitamin B9)}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency most commonly occurs due to {{c1::pregnancy}}, {{c2::alcoholism}}, or drugs (e.g. phenytoin, sulfonamides, methotrexate…
Published	02/26/2024	Supplemental maternal {{c2::folic acid}} in early pregnancy decreases risk of {{c1::neural tube}} defects
Published	02/26/2024	What type of anemia is seen with vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency?{{c1::Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::normal}} methylmalonic acid levels
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::increased}} homocysteine levels
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B12}} is also known as {{c2::cobalamin}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a cofactor for {{c1::methionine synthase}} and {{c2::methylmalonyl-CoA mutase}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is found in {{c1::animal}} products
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is synthesized only by {{c1::microorganisms}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B12 (cobalamin)}} is stored in the {{c2::liver}} for up to 3-4 {{c1::years}}
Published	02/26/2024	One cause of {{c1::pernicious}} anemia is lack of {{c2::intrinsic factor}}, which leads to vitamin {{c3::B12}} defi…
Published	02/26/2024	{{c1::Anti-intrinsic factor}} antibodies are diagnostic for pernicious anemia
Published	02/26/2024	One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is damage to or resection of the {{c1::terminal ileum}} (e.g. Crohn disease)
Published	02/26/2024	One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is insufficient intake, which may occur with {{c1::vegan}} diets
Published	02/26/2024	One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is {{c1::malabsorption}} (e.g. sprue, enteritis)
Published	02/26/2024	What type of anemia is seen with vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency?{{c1::Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::hypersegmented}} polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
Published	02/26/2024	Does vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency cause neurologic symptoms?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::increased}} methylmalonic acid levels
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::increased}} homocysteine levels
Published	02/26/2024	Prolonged vitamin B12 deficiency causes irreversible {{c1::nerve}} damage
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin E deficiency may cause muscle {{c1::weakness}}
Published	02/26/2024	What vitamin deficiency has similar neurologic presentation to B12 deficiency but lacks megaloblastic anemia? {{c1::Vitamin E deficiency}}
Published	02/26/2024	Zinc is a mineral that is important in the formation of {{c1::zinc fingers::transcription factor motif}}
Published	02/26/2024	Zinc deficiency is associated with delayed {{c1::wound}} healing
Published	02/26/2024	{{c2::Zinc}} deficiency is a trace mineral deficiency that is associated with {{c1::hypo}}-gonadism
Published	02/26/2024	{{c2::Zinc}} deficiency is a trace mineral deficiency that is associated with {{c1::decreased}} adult hair (axillary, facial, pubic)
Published	02/26/2024	What senses are impaired with zinc deficiency? {{c1::Taste (dysgeusia)}} and {{c2::smell (anosmia)}}
Published	02/26/2024	The neurologic symptoms seen in vitamin B12 deficiency are due to abnormal {{c1::myelin}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency presents with {{c1::paresthesias}} and {{c2::subacute combined degeneration}} (neurologic symptoms)
Published	02/26/2024	Subacute combined degeneration in vitamin B12 deficiency affects the {{c1::dorsal columns}}, {{c2::corticospinal tracts}}, and {{c3::spinocerebellar t…
Published	02/26/2024	A(n) {{c1::carboxylase}} enzyme transfers CO2 groups (usually with the help of biotin)
Published	02/26/2024	What does the carrier molecule biotin carry in its activated form? {{c1::CO2}}
Published	02/26/2024	The transcobalamin II-B12 complex is transported to the {{c1::bone marrow}} (hematopoiesis) and {{c2::liver}} (storage)
Published	02/26/2024	{{c2::Sideroblastic}} anemia may be caused by vitamin {{c1::B6}} deficiency
Published	02/26/2024	What is the treatment for sideroblastic anemia?{{c1::Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamins {{c1::B9 (folate)}} and {{c1::B12}} are necessary for synthesis of DNA precursors
Published	02/26/2024	Lack of folate or vitamin B12 impairs {{c1::synthesis}} of DNA precursors
Published	02/26/2024	Impaired division and enlargement of RBC precursors leads to {{c1::megaloblastic}}, macrocytic anemia
Published	02/26/2024	Megaloblastic anemia occurs due to delayed maturation of the {{c1::nucleus}} relative to the {{c1::cytoplasm}} of precursor RBCs
Published	02/26/2024	Impaired division of granulocytic precursors in {{c2::megaloblastic}} anemia leads to {{c1::hypersegmented}} neutrophils
Published	02/26/2024	Megaloblastic anemia is a cause of {{c1::macrocytic::MCV}} anemia
Published	02/26/2024	Megaloblastic anemia is associated with {{c1::glossitis::tongue}}
Published	02/26/2024	One cause of folate deficiency is poor diet, which is often seen in {{c1::alcoholics::not children}} and the elderly
Published	02/26/2024	One cause of folate deficiency is increased demand, which is often seen with {{c1::pregnancy}}, {{c2::hemolytic}} anemia, and cancer
Published	02/26/2024	Folate deficiency is characterized by {{c1::hypersegmented}} neutrophils
Published	02/26/2024	Folate deficiency is characterized by {{c1::normal}} serum methylmalonic acid
Published	02/26/2024	Dietary vitamin B12 is complexed to animal-derived {{c1::proteins}}
Published	02/26/2024	{{c1::Salivary}} gland enzymes liberate vitamin B12 from animal-derived proteins
Published	02/26/2024	Which is more common, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency? {{c1::Folate deficiency}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency takes {{c1::years}} to develop due to large hepatic stores
Published	02/26/2024	What is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?{{c1::Pernicious anemia}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency may occur with {{c1::pancreatic}} insufficiency; due to inability to cleave R-binder from B12
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by {{c1::macrocytic::MCV}} RBCs
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by {{c1::hypersegmented}} neutrophils
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by {{c1::increased}} serum homocysteine
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by {{c1::increased}} serum methylmalonic acid
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause {{c1::subacute combined degeneration::long name}} of the spinal cord
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B12}} deficiency may result in poor {{c1::proprioception}} and {{c2::vibratory}} sense due to damage to the dorsal (posterior) column of…
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B12}} deficiency may result in {{c1::spastic::type}} paresis due to damage to the lateral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord
Published	02/26/2024	Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is associated with {{c1::thiamine (B1)}} deficiency and excessive {{c2::alcohol}} use
Published	02/26/2024	Folate is primarily absorbed in the {{c1::jejunum}} of the small intestine
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the {{c1::terminal ileum}} of the small intestine (requires intrinsic factor)
Published	02/26/2024	Pancreatic insufficiency causes malabsorption of fat, fat-soluble vitamins, and vitamin {{c1::B12}}
Published	02/26/2024	Synthesis of GABA from glutamate requires {{c1::vitamin B6}} as a cofactor
Published	02/26/2024	Reversible dementia may occur with deficiencies in vitamins {{c1::B1}}, {{c2::B3}}, and {{c3::B12}}
Published	02/26/2024	Atopic (eczematous) dermatitis is associated with increased serum Ig{{c1::E}}
Published	02/26/2024	Treatment of acne vulgaris may include vitamin {{c1::A}} derivatives, which reduces hyperkeratinzation and sebum production
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin {{c1::K}} is a cofactor for the enzymatic activation of clotting factors
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin K promotes γ-carboxylation at {{c1::glutamic acid::amino acid}} residues
Published	02/26/2024	What is the mechanism of action of warfarin?{{c1::Epoxide reductase inhibitor}}
Published	02/26/2024	{{c2::Warfarin}} is an anti-coagulant that intereferes with {{c1::γ-carboxylation}} of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)
Published	02/26/2024	What is the first clotting factor to be reduced when starting warfarin therapy?{{c1::Factor VII}}
Published	02/26/2024	Vitamin D inhibits proliferation of {{c1::keratinocytes}} which can be found in the epidermis
Published	02/26/2024	Topical Vitamin D can be used as an adjunct therapy for patients with {{c1::Psoriasis}}
Published	02/26/2024	What is the underlying cause of megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia in an alcoholic with elevated methylmalonic acid levels?{{c1::Cobalamin (B12) deficie…
Published	02/26/2024	Megaloblastic anemia secondary to folate/cobalamin deficiency is characterized by a(n) {{c1::low}} reticulocyte count
Published	02/26/2024	Retinoids (like isoretinoin / all-Trans Retinoic Acid) are derivatives of Vitamin {{c1::A}}
Published	02/26/2024	Upon bioactivation, 5FU (now 5-FdUMP) covalently complexes with {{c1::thymidylate synthase}} and {{c3::folic acid}}, reducing {{c2::DNA}} synthesis
Published	02/26/2024	{{c3::Methotrexate}} is a(n) {{c2::folic acid}} analogue that blocks pyrimidine synthesis by competitively inhibiting {{c1::dihydrofolate reducta…
Published	02/26/2024	What vitamin deficiencies can occur with a Giardia infection?{{c1::Fat Soluble (ADEK)}}
Published	02/26/2024	What is the most common cause of megaloblastic anemia in chronic alcoholics?{{c1::Folate deficiency}}
Published	02/26/2024	Isoniazid is administered with {{c1::pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)}} in patients at risk for peripheral neuropathy as well as those who are pregnant, breast…
Published	02/26/2024	Isoniazid promotes the excretion of {{c1::pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)}}, therefore resulting in deficiency and peripheral neuropathy
Published	02/26/2024	The B6 depletion with Isoniazid use can lead to decreased {{c1::protoporphyrin}} synthesis, leading to a(n) {{c1::sideroblastic}} anemia
Published	02/26/2024	What is the likely underlying cause of anemia in a patient with a history of gastrectomy that presents with a shiny tongue, pale palmar creases, and l…
Published	02/26/2024	What is the next step in management for a patient with a year history of fatigue, weakness, and difficulty remembering things? Laboratory examination …
Published	02/26/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in an alcoholic vegan patient being treated with thiamine and folate for anemia that develops recurrent falls and increas…
Published	02/26/2024	What vitamins (3) are typically administered to patients with hypercoagulability secondary to increased homocysteine levels? {{c1::vitamin B6 (pyridox…
Published	02/26/2024	What is the recommended treatment for a patient with suspected sideroblastic anemia after initiating RIPE therapy for tuberculosis?{{c1::Pyridoxine (v…
Published	02/26/2024	Antibiotics are associated with vitamin {{c1::K}} deficiency due to activity against colonic bacteria
Published	02/26/2024	Treatment of homocystinuria involves {{c1::vitamin (B6, B9, B12)}} supplementation and antiplatelets/anticoagulation
Published	02/26/2024	Cephalosporins can cause a Vitamin {{c1::K}} deficiency
Published	02/26/2024	If a patient on Isoniazid develops peripheral neuropathy and fatigue, you should suspect they have developed what vitamin deficiency?{{c1::Vitamin B6}…
Published	02/26/2024	What vitamin deficiency is associated with inflammation of the lips with scaling/fissures at the corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis)? Labs show a…
Published	02/26/2024	What vitamin deficiency is associated with a normocytic-normochromic anemia?{{c1::Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency}}
Published	02/26/2024	Achlorhydria can cause a vitamin B12 deficiency by preventing release of B12 from {{c1::food particles}}
Published	02/26/2024	One cause of vitamin {{c2::B12}} deficiency is {{c1::(SIBO) small intestinal bacterial}} overgrowth
Published	02/26/2024	In a patient with a Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency, B9 (Folate) supplementation will mask {{c1::hematological}} but not {{c1::neurological}} sympt…
Published	02/26/2024	In which order should thiamine and glucose be given in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal?{{c1::Thiamine then glucose}}
Published	02/26/2024	Wernicke encephalopathy typically manifests as a triad of {{c1::encephalopathy}}, {{c1::gait ataxia}}, and {{c1::oculomotor dysfunction}}
Published	02/26/2024	What electrolyte changes result from the massive insulin surge in refeeding syndrome?{{c1::HypophosphatemiaHypokalemiaHypomagnesemia::3}}
Published	02/26/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in a pregnant patient that develops encephalopathy, nystagmus, and gait ataxia after several days of hyperemesis gravidum…
Published	02/26/2024	{{c1::Thiamine (B1)::vitamin}} deficiency = Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Published	02/26/2024	What is the recommended treatment for Wernicke encephalopathy?{{c1::Thiamine prior to or along with glucose administration}}
Published	02/26/2024	{{c2::Sideroblastic}} anemia may be caused by vitamin {{c1::B6}} deficiency
Published	02/26/2024	Chronic {{c1::alcohol}} consumption may cause vitamin B12 deficiency
Published	02/26/2024	Megaloblastic anemia secondary to folate/cobalamin deficiency is characterized by a(n) {{c1::low}} reticulocyte count
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