Notes in LE011 Introduction to Developmental Biology: Concepts in Healh and Disease

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Published	10/04/2024	Spemann’s Organizer experiment won a Noble prize for proving that during development cells in an embryo can either undergo mosaic development or regul…
Published	10/04/2024	Cellular autonomy: Cells act {{c1::independently}} of their neighbors (mosaic development)non-autonomy: depend on {{c1::signals}} from neigh…
Published	10/04/2024	Cell fate is not permanent but rather dynamic. What changes the fate of the cell?
Published	10/04/2024	In the world of cell differentiation, there are three key states defining cell fate: induction, competence, and committed. What do each of these mean …
Published	10/04/2024	What is lineage tracing in cell differentiation?
Published	10/04/2024	What is the difference between a sufficient and required signal when inducing cell differentiation? How do you test for this?
Published	10/04/2024	Birth defects affect {{c1::6 million}} infants worldwide. This is the number one cause of infant mortality in {{c1::the US}} and {{c1::Europe}}
Published	10/04/2024	Two models of development:1. Mosaic development: {{c2::Cells determine cell type on their own (cell autonomous)}}2. Regulative development: …
Published	10/04/2024	Mosaic developement:Cells determine their cell type {{c1::on their own}}
Published	10/04/2024	Regulative development:Cells determine their cell type {{c1::because neighboring cells instructed them to}}
Published	10/04/2024	The Organizer ExperimentSpemann and Mangold started with two embryos: a {{c1::lightly pigmented}} embryo and a {{c1::darkly pigmented}} embryoThey tra…
Published	10/04/2024	Initial interpretation of the Organizer Experiment:Development is {{c1::mosaic}} and the necessary signals to induce a head are {{c1::inherent to the …
Published	10/04/2024	Re-analysis of the Organizer Experiment:Upon examining the cells in the embryo by color, it was revealed that {{c1::only some of the cells}} forming t…
Published	10/04/2024	Takeaways from the Organizer Experiment:- Development is {{c1::regulative and mosaic}}- Dorsal blastopore makes notochord --> {{c1::mosaic}} -…
Published	10/04/2024	Cellular autonomy: cells act {{c1::independently}} of their neighborsThis is {{c1::mosaic}} development
Published	10/04/2024	Non-autonomy: {{c1::neighboring cells}} deliver {{c1::signal}} that alters developmentThis is {{c1::regulative}} development
Published	10/04/2024	In the Organizer experiment, which process happens autonomously?
Published	10/04/2024	In the Organizer experiment, which processes happen non-autonomously:All the {{c1::darkly}} pigmented tissues like the {{c1::kidneys, the neural tubes…
Published	10/04/2024	Cell fate is the idea that {{c1::differentiation}} occurs into a {{c1::particular cell type }}
Published	10/04/2024	Cell fate of pluripotent cells (germ cells) is to {{c1::stay undifferentiated}}
Published	10/04/2024	Cell fate is {{c1::dynamic}}: it {{c1::can change}} over time
Published	10/04/2024	{{c1::Post-mitotic cells}} are cells that cannot divide anymore
Published	10/04/2024	Differentiated cells can still {{c1::divide}}
Published	10/04/2024	Regeneration is the cell's return to a {{c1::less differentiated state}} and growth to create additional cell fates
Published	10/04/2024	Cell fate is determined by {{c1::intrinsic (autonomous)}} and {{c1::extrinisic (non-autonomous)}} factors
Published	10/04/2024	Induction is when a cell sends {{c1::signals}} to another cell to {{c1::induce a cell type}}
Published	10/04/2024	Competence: when cells can {{c1::accept}} signal to induce a cell type
Published	10/04/2024	Committed: when cells are {{c1::not able}} to accept signal to induce cell fate
Published	10/04/2024	Post-mitotic cells may change their {{c1::cell fate}}
Published	10/04/2024	Competence is {{c1::molecule}}-specific. Cells may be competent to one {{c1::molecule}} but not another.
Published	10/04/2024	Signals can be either {{c1::sufficient}} or {{c1::required}} for induction of a specific cell fate
Published	10/04/2024	To test if a signal is {{c1::sufficient}}, apply the signal to competent cells and observe whether they form the cell fate of interest
Published	10/04/2024	To test if a signal is required, {{c1::eliminate}} the signal in competent cells and observe whether there is a failure in forming the cell fate of in…
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