Notes in 2- Therapeutics Options

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/10/2024	Therapeutic Options:• What are they?[1] {{c1::Prevention}}Environment / Behaviour changeDietScreeningGeneticsMedication / Vaccination[2] {{c1::Treatme…
Published	02/10/2024	Therapeutic Options: Diet[1] evidence from cohort studiesInconsistent results & lots of confounding factorsColorectal cancer (CRC): probably …
Published	02/10/2024	Therapeutic Options: Diet & Environment[1] public policybanning smoking in public placesminimal alcohol pricingwater & air quality: electric c…
Published	02/10/2024	Therapetic options: Screening[1] high quality research evidence availableCervical cancer: regular smear testsCRC: faecal occult blood the most commonl…
Published	02/10/2024	Therapeutic options: Genetics• high quality research evidence available[1] CRC & familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP)- autosomal dominant (if…
Published	02/10/2024	Therapeutic options: chemo-prevention• More controversialPrimary: oesophageal cancer- high rates in parts of China- supplement diet with anti-oxidants…
Published	02/10/2024	Therapeutic Options: ‘treatment’• What are they:     → {{c1::local or regional}} treatment- surgery- radiotherapy   - ablatio…
Published	02/10/2024	Therapeutic Options: Staging• Where is the cancer  - examination  - use of radiology / imaging  - CT, MRI, USS, PET etc• What kind of c…
Published	02/10/2024	Surgery is a local therapy that needs {{c1::anatomical clearance}}i.e. surgeon needs to be able to be physical around the cancer About 50% of can…
Published	02/10/2024	Radiotherapy is a local therapy that needs {{c1::anatomical coverage}}i.e. treatment of inoperable lesions, can go deeper than surgery→ could mak…
Published	02/10/2024	Therapeutic options: Radiotherapy5 R's of radiobiology:[1] {{c1::radiosensitivity}}[2] {{c1::repair}}[3] {{c1::re-population}}[4] {{c1::re-oxygenation…
Published	02/10/2024	Intrinsic {{c1::radiosensitivity}} differences in cancers:i.e. inherent response of cancer cells to radiation(<.40) cancer cells left → good s…
Published	02/10/2024	The amount of damage repaired depends on the cells’ ability to recognize it has been damaged, then it will activate its repair pathways. The…
Published	02/10/2024	Radiotherapy: re-oxygenationCancer cells are more {{c1::sensitive}} to radiation if there is oxygen around.→ O2 reacts with radiation and causes …
Published	02/10/2024	Why are haemoglobin levels kept high when treating cancer with radiotherapy?
Published	02/10/2024	Radiotherapy: re-assortmentCells go through 4 phases in their life. This is known as the cell cycle. In these different phases their sensitivity …
Published	02/10/2024	Therapeutic Options: radiotherapy- {{c1::~40%}} of cancers cured by radiotherapye.g. head & neck, cervix / uterus, skin, lymphoma- {{c1::Comb…
Published	02/10/2024	Therapeutic options: Medical Treatment• {{c1::Systemic treatment}}:  - beneficial for widespread disease  - can result in widespread to…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Curative}} → completely cure the cancer{{c1::Adjuvant}} → given in addition to primary treatment to maximize its effectivenesse.g. 60% increase …
Published	02/10/2024	Chemotherapy and Therapeutic indexChemotherapy crosses the line into toxicity and 5% of patients may have recurrence of toxicityThis is because the&nb…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Targeted therapies}} are specific treatments based on molecular sciencethat target intracellular growth control points• imatinib: → tyrosine kin…
Published	02/10/2024	Immune therapies can be:[1] {{c1::Non-specific}}innate- macrophages / NK cellsprogrammed cell death pathway (PD-1)- uses immune system to attack ‘fore…
Published	02/10/2024	Innate immune response • {{c1::Neutrophil}}, {{c1::NK cells}}, {{c1::Macrophages}}Can develop into:Adaptive immune response• {{c1::Lymphocytes (T…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Neoadjuvant therapy}} in locally advanced rectal cancer:Response & survival to pre-operative chemo-radiotherapy- linked with ‘natural killer…
Published	02/10/2024	Mechanisms of Checkpoint Blockade:Tumour cells fool the immune system throughPD-L1 binding to PD-1 and causing T cell deactivationPD-1 & PDL-1 ant…
Published	02/10/2024	Mutation burden of cancer is related to the {{c1::somatic mutation}} frequencyThe tumours with the highest {{c1::somatic mutation}} frequency are Mela…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Monoclonal Antibodies}} are man-made proteins that act like human antibodies in the immune system. Cancer- CRC & cetuximab- Breast &amp…
Published	02/10/2024	Chimeric antigen (CAR) T-cell therapyFusion of T cells with specific antigen to allow activation and proliferation, along with a potent response again…
Status	Last Update	Fields