Notes in Arterial Blood Gases, Control of Respiration and Respiratory Adaptation at Altitude LECTURE 6

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Published	01/07/2025	What is hypoxaemia?
Published	01/07/2025	What is Hypercapnoea?
Published	01/07/2025	What are 'nuclei in the brain'?
Published	01/07/2025	How do you calculate Minute Ventilation?
Published	01/07/2025	What is an:AnionCation
Published	01/07/2025	What is Dyspnea?
Published	01/07/2025	What is sleep apnoea?
Published	01/07/2025	What is pulmonary Emboli?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the area involved in voluntary control of breathing?
Published	01/07/2025	Where are the main respiratory centres located?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the two groups of neurons in the medulla?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the areas in the brain involved in the control of breathing/ventilation?
Published	01/07/2025	Where do the peripheral chemoreceptors live?What is the function of peripheral chemoreceptors?Which peripheral chemoreceptor contributes the most to b…
Published	01/07/2025	Blood flows directly in to the brain, what is the thing they need to cross?
Published	01/07/2025	How is normal, involuntary breathing conducted?(2)
Published	01/07/2025	How can respiratory rates be changed from inputs in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus?
Published	01/07/2025	The cerebral cortex/hypothalamus transmit messages to the medulla, which nerves do they do this via?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the inputs into from the cerebral cortex that can change respiratory rate?(4)
Published	01/07/2025	What is the function of the dorsal respiratory group?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the function of the ventral respiratory group?
Published	01/07/2025	Where is the pacemaker (central pattern generator) located?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the role of the pacemaker - what does it initiate?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the role of the pneumotaxic centre?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the role of the Apneustic centre?
Published	01/07/2025	What is a condition in the brain (blood supply) that can affect breathing?
Published	01/07/2025	What do central chemoreceptors detect?
Published	01/07/2025	What type of chemoreceptor does not respond to O2?
Published	01/07/2025	What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
Published	01/07/2025	bc135dd21c8f403e9b396a1874741b71-ao-1
Published	01/07/2025	Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the Blood brain barrier?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier (2)
Published	01/07/2025	What determines the pH of Cerebrospinal fluid?
Published	01/07/2025	How does blood pH affect pH of CSF?(2)what does a small change in PCO2 lead to?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the sensitivity of central chemoreceptorswhat are they very sensitive to and what are they not as sensitive to?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the relationship between CO2 in CSF & Minute ventilation?
Published	01/07/2025	What kPa of CO2 leads to suppression of central chemoreceptors? What does this also lead to? how does the body adjust to this?
Published	01/07/2025	How does metabolic acidosis/alkalosis affect the CO2-ventilation curve?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the carotid body - which receptors does it contain?location?
Published	01/07/2025	What types of cells does the carotid body contain?
Published	01/07/2025	What innervates the carotid body?
Published	01/07/2025	Where are aortic bodies located?
Published	01/07/2025	What are aortic bodies innervated by?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the blood flow to the carotid/aortic bodiesHow/what do they respond to?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the factors that increase minute ventilation?
Published	01/07/2025	What alters sensitivity to PO2?
Published	01/07/2025	How do our central chemoreceptors adapt to hypercapnoea?Give an example
Published	01/07/2025	If central chemoreceptors become less sensitive to PaCO2, what could this result in?(2)
Published	01/07/2025	7ddc36cab9ee454dbbc62c5af8fc9cff-ao-1
Published	01/07/2025	What does chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cause? (2)
Published	01/07/2025	What gradually happens to CSF pH in relation to PCO2? Why?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the hypoxic drive?
Published	01/07/2025	What happens if hypoxic drive is suppressed by giving too much oxygen?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the different types of receptors in the lungs?(4)
Published	01/07/2025	Describe stretch receptors-Location, which muscle-triggered by?-supply, nerve- result of stimulation
Published	01/07/2025	Describe irritant receptors (3)- Location- stimulated by?- supplied by which nerve?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe Juxtapulmonary receptors (3)- location- stimulation- result?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe Proprioreceptors- location?- action via?- stimulation result?
Published	01/07/2025	What are opioids?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the side effects of opioid consumption?
Published	01/07/2025	What do opioids do?
Published	01/07/2025	Where do we take an arterial blood gas measurement from?
Published	01/07/2025	What types of activity does an arterial blood gas measurement tell us?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the definition of respiratory failure in terms of ABG measurement?
Published	01/07/2025	How do we know whether respiratory failure is type 1 or type 2?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe respiratory acidosisHow would this affect minute ventilation & respiratory rate?
Published	01/07/2025	How do we approach an ABG interpretation? in terms of looking for respiratory failure (7)what differentiates acute and chronic type 2 RF?what does hig…
Published	01/07/2025	What are the causes of type 1 Respiratory failure?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the causes of type 2 respiratory failure?(5)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the differences between acute (3) vs chronic (2) type 2 respiratory failure?what is active in chronic type 2 RF?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the adjustments to ventilation when pH decrease
Published	01/07/2025	What are the adjustments in retention/excretion in the kidneys when pH decrease?
Published	01/07/2025	How long does respiratory compensation take?
Published	01/07/2025	How long does metabolic compensation take?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the anion gap?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the primary measured Cations in blood?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the primary measured anions in blood?
Published	01/07/2025	Metabolic Acidosis results in an {{c1::increase}} in H+ and {{c1::reduced}} pH due to a {{c1::non-respiratory}} cause The PaCO2 will be {{c1::normal}}…
Published	01/07/2025	Why does high anion gap metabolic acidosis occur?
Published	01/07/2025	What is Kussumaul breathing?
Published	01/07/2025	What is normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	What is base excess?
Published	01/07/2025	What is base deficit?
Published	01/07/2025	bef8820cbabd40e585b40f46b5bdfe4b-ao-1
Published	01/07/2025	What type of hypoxia may occur at high altitudes?
Published	01/07/2025	How does hypoxaemic hypoxia affect the Hb-O2 dissociation curve?What are the reasons for this?
Published	01/07/2025	How does hypoxaemic hypoxia affect levels of Hb?
Published	01/07/2025	What effects does hypoxaemic hypoxia have on minute ventilation?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe High Altitude pulmonary oedema-Frequency and severity in comparison to acute mountain sickness-How this happens
Published	01/07/2025	Describe acute mountain sickness-symptoms-why do these symptoms arise?-What does this cause?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe high altitude cerebral oedema-Frequency/severity-Symptoms
Published	01/07/2025	Give one use of opioids
Published	01/07/2025	Why is ph of CSF not directly affected?
Published	01/07/2025	Where are these cells found?Type 1 glomus cells (peripheral chemoreceptors)Type 2 sheath cells
Published	01/07/2025	What are the drugs used to reverse the effects of opioids?
Published	01/07/2025	What is naxolone?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the compensatory responses to:Respiratory acidosis : {{c1::Retain HCO3-}}Respiratory alkalosis : {{c1::Reduce HCO3-}}Metabolic acidosis: {{c1…
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Published	01/07/2025	6afca8bbcaf749c38fe3aaea5cedf7e0-ao-1
Published	01/07/2025	bd55a72de86c4d9bb585309dee1e5683-ao-1
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