Notes in FOM_B4

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Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following statements is NOT associated with the common complications of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)? A) gastric outlet obstruction can occ…
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following is TRUE when it comes to duodenal ulcers (DU)? A) duodenal ulcers are typically associated with decreased basal and nocturnal g…
Published	02/03/2025	What is the typical duration of triple therapy for H. pylori eradication? A) 3 daysB) 7–14 daysC) 1 monthD) 6 mo…
Published	02/03/2025	A 45-year-old patient presents with symptoms of chronic heartburn and occasional regurgitation. Endoscopy reveals mucosal ulcerations in the esophagus…
Published	02/03/2025	A patient arrives at the clinic for evaluation of epigastric pain. The patient describes the pain to be relieved by food intake. In addition, the pati…
Published	02/03/2025	In a patient with GERD, which of the following findings is most likely to indicate progression to Barrett’s esophagus? A) Stratified squamous epitheli…
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following is NOT a component of gastroduodenal mucosal defense?A) Pre-epithelial defenseB) Epithelial defenseC) Sub-epithelial defenseD) …
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the duodenum? A) Crypts of LieberkuhnB) Peyer’s PatchesC) Brunner’s GlandsD) Appendices Epiploic…
Published	02/03/2025	Which is TRUE about the gastroduodenal mucosal defense system?A) The mucus-bicarbonate-phospholipid layer is responsible for the maintenance of the fu…
Published	02/03/2025	What are the potential causes of food obstruction due to narrowing of the duodenum lumen, and what is the pathologic mechanism behind this condition? …
Published	02/03/2025	Why does peptic ulcer disease develop, and what role do gastric and upper small intestinal secretions play in its pathogenesis? A) Peptic ulcers devel…
Published	02/03/2025	Differentiate between an anterior and posterior perforation of a peptic ulcer in terms of their effects and complications.  A) Anterior perforati…
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following is NOT a component of the three-level gastric mucosal defense system? A) Pre-epithelial defense (mucous bicarbonate phospholipi…
Published	02/03/2025	How does normal gastric physiology prevent damage to the gastric epithelium despite constant exposure to hydrochloric acid, bile salts, and digestive …
Published	02/03/2025	What is the most common cause of obstructive jaundice? A) Hepatitis AB) Pancreatic cancerC) GallstonesD) Alcohol abuse
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following correctly describes the transport and fate of bilirubin in the body? A) Bilirubin is conjugated before reaching the liver and i…
Published	02/03/2025	(True/False):Fever and chills are always present in cases of obstructive jaundice.
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following best differentiates obstructive jaundice from hemolytic jaundice? A) Elevated indirect bilirubin in obstructive jaundiceB) Pres…
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following statements about digestion and absorption is FALSE?  A) The entire small intestine has layers that absorb cholesterol, but…
Published	02/03/2025	(True/False):Bile pigment accumulates in the dermis and produces yellowing of the skin
Published	02/03/2025	A 45-year-old man presents with yellowing of the skin and sclera, dark urine, and light-colored stools. His medical history includes chronic alcohol u…
Published	02/03/2025	What is a likely consequence of cutting the intestines at the proximal jejunum and connecting the remaining jejunum to the stomach? A) Increased fat a…
Published	02/03/2025	What best describes colicky pain? A) Constant, dull painB) Intermittent, cramping pain due to excessive contraction of a hollow organC) Sharp pain loc…
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following structures is found at the center of a liver lobule? A) Portal veinB) Bile ductC) Central veinD) Hepatic artery
Published	02/03/2025	What is the primary function of Kupffer cells in the liver?  A) Secreting bile into bile canaliculiB) Clearing pathogens, debris, and old red blo…
Published	02/03/2025	In the hepatic acinus model, which zone is most vulnerable to hypoxia and toxins?  A) Zone 1 (periportal)B) Zone 2 (midzonal)C) Zone 3 (pericentr…
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following best explains the transition from impaired glucose tolerance to fasting hyperglycemia in Type II Diabetes Mellitus?  A) Be…
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following is a macrovascular complication of diabetes? A) CataractsB) GlomerulonephritisC) StrokeD) Retinopathy
Published	02/03/2025	What is the PRIMARY reason for delayed wound healing in diabetes? A) Hyperglycemia enhances immune function, lead…
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following pathways is directly related to the complications caused by high blood sugar in diabetes?  A) Polyol pathway  B) Hexo…
Published	02/03/2025	What is the Dawn phenomenon? A) Low blood sugar during sleepB) A natural rise in blood sugar in the early morningC) Increased sugar levels after eatin…
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following statements about insulin secretion is TRUE? A) Glucose enters pancreatic beta cells via the GLUT4 transporter.B) ATP-sensitive …
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following statements about insulin regulation and diabetes is TRUE?  A) Insulin exerts its effects through a post-transcriptional si…
Published	02/03/2025	Which of the following factors increases insulin secretion from the pancreas?A) SomatostatinB) CortisolC) Increased blood glucoseD) Leptin
Published	02/03/2025	A 42-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes is being evaluated for her response to insulin therapy. The following observations are made during the assess…
Published	02/03/2025	What is the primary reason why polyuria occurs in patients with hyperglycemia?  A) Increased production of urine by the kidneys due to hormonal i…
Published	02/03/2025	Why does a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus experience polydipsia? A) The body’s cells require more water to metabolize excess glucoseB) Wa…
Published	02/03/2025	What is the cause of weight loss in a diabetic patient despite having a good appetite?                  &…
Published	02/03/2025	What metabolic process is responsible for the fruity odor in the breath of diabetic patients? A) Excessive glucose metabolism leading to alcohol produ…
Published	02/03/2025	Which glucose transporter is insulin-dependent and affected in diabetes mellitus?  A) GLUT1B) GLUT2C) GLUT3D) GLUT4
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