Notes in 17-18KneeComplex

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	The pes anserinus muscles provide dynamic stability to the {{c1::anteromedial}} aspect of the knee
Published	07/30/2024	Passive insufficiency of the hamstrings during knee flexion is due to the lengthened {{c1::rectus femoris}}
Published	07/30/2024	In NWB, knee flexion (hamstrings) produces a posterior shear which peaks at {{c1::75°–90°}} knee flexion
Published	07/30/2024	The gastrocnemius produces the greatest knee flexion torque only when initiated in {{c1::full knee extension::motion}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC]Tension1. Quadriceps tendon2. Patellar ligament{{c1::A. 1 > 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC]Effectiveness of the patella as a pulley1. Early knee flexion2. Full knee flexion{{c1::1 > 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	The quadriceps maintain a fairly large moment arm even during full knee flexion due to: 1. rounded contour of femoral condyles2. {{c1::posterior sh…
Published	07/30/2024	Quadriceps lag occurs at the last {{c1::15°–20°}} of knee extension due to {{c2::quadriceps weakness}} or {{c2::patellectomy}}
Published	07/30/2024	Important passive restraint to anterior tibial translation: {{c1::anterior cruciate ligament}}
Published	07/30/2024	Important passive restraint to posterior tibial translation: {{c1::posterior cruciate ligament}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anterior translation from quadriceps contraction is diminished with knee flexion {{c1::beyond 60°}}
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::non-weight}} bearing, resistance to knee extension increases as the knee {{c2::extends}}
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::weight}} bearing, resistance to knee extension increases as the knee {{c2::flexes}}
Published	07/30/2024	The patella articulates with the {{c1::femur only::bone/s}}
Published	07/30/2024	Apex of patella is its {{c1::inferior}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lateral::medial/lateral}} facet of the patella is more con{{c2::vex::cave/vex}} with a more developed lip
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Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Insall-salvati index}} is the ratio of the length of {{c1::patellar tendon}} to length of {{c1::patella}}. The normal ratio is {{c3::1:1}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Patella alta}} occurs when the patellar tendon is too long
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Patella baja}} occurs when the patellar tendon is too short
Published	07/30/2024	Knee {{c1::extended}}: the patella is loged in the {{c2::femoral sulcus}}; contact is only at patella's {{c2::inferior pole}}
Published	07/30/2024	Knee flexion ({{c1::90}}°): all portions of the patella have experienced contact with femur
Published	07/30/2024	Knee flexion ({{c1::>90}}°): area of patella-femur contact migrates {{c2::inferiorly::direction}} again
Published	07/30/2024	Knee flexion ({{c1::>90}}°): the odd facet contacts the medial femoral condyle
Published	07/30/2024	As knee flexion increases from 0–90°, the patella-femur contact shifts {{c1::superiorly and outward}}
Published	07/30/2024	Knee {{c1::fully flexed}}: the patella is loged in the {{c2::intercondylar groove}}; contact is only at patella's {{c2::lateral and odd facets}}
Published	07/30/2024	Patellar flexion occurs during knee {{c1::flexion}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Patellar tilt}} is the rotation of the patella along a longitudinal axis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Patellar shift}} is the translation of the patella along a medial-lateral axis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Patellar rotation}} is the rotation of the patella along an anterior-posterior axis
Published	07/30/2024	Patellar rotation is named for the epicondyle the patellar {{c1::apex}} is pointing to
Published	07/30/2024	Simultaneous patellar {{c1::shift}} accompanies patellar flexion and extension
Published	07/30/2024	Position of patella throughout knee ROM{{c1::slightly lateral::full knee extension}} → {{c2::pushed medially::start of knee flexion}} → {{c3::shift la…
Published	07/30/2024	Patellofemoral joint stress in influenced by the force generated by the {{c1::quadriceps}} and {{c1::knee angle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Decreasing the angle of pull (knee {{c1::flexion}}) between QT and PT {{c2::in::in/de}}creases the patellofemoral compressive force
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Straight-leg}}-raising avoids patellofemoral pain
Published	07/30/2024	At full knee extesion, stress is minimized due to the posterior origin of {{c1::vastus medialis}} and {{c1::vastus lateralis}} muscles
Published	07/30/2024	at {{c1::20}}° knee flexion (stance phase of walking), the knee joint carries {{c2::25–50}}% of body weight*bonus: when running?
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::medial}} patellar facet bears majority of the patellofemoral compressive force
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Size 1. Medial Condyle 2. Lateral Condyle{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lateral::medial/lateral}} femoral condyle is more directly in line with the shaft
Published	07/30/2024	The femoral condyles lie {{c1::medial::medial/lateral}} to the femoral head
Published	07/30/2024	Why do the distal ends of the femur remain essentially horizontal?{{c1::More distally projecting medial femoral condyle and the medial obliquity of th…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Intercondylar Notch}} separates medial and lateral femoral condyles INFERIORLY
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Intercondylar Notch}} separates femoral condyles {{c2::INFERIORLY::direction}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Femoral Sulcus/Patellar Groove/Patellar Surface}} connects the femoral condyles together ANTERIORLY
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Projects more anteriorly 1. Medial patellar surface 2. Lateral patellar surface{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Anterioposterior length 1. Medial Tibial Plateau 2. Lateral Tibial Plateau{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Articular Cartilage Length 1. Medial Tibial Plateau 2. Lateral Tibial Plateau{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Radius/Diameter 1. Proximal Tibia 2. Tibial Shaft{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::7º–10}}º Tibial Plateau Posterior Slope increases {{c2::flexion::motion}} of the tibiofemoral joint
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intercondylar Tubercles}} separates the medial and lateral tibial condyles
Published	07/30/2024	Tibial plateaus are predominantly flat, with a slight con{{c1::vexity::cavity/vexity}} at the anterior and posterior margins
Published	07/30/2024	Are the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus congruent?{{c1::N. menisci are necessary to improve joint congruency::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Anatomical/Longitudinal Axis of the Femur is directed {{c1::inferiorly and medially}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Anatomical/Longitudinal Axis of the Tibia is directed {{c1::almost vertically}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Femoral and Tibial Anatomical Axes Normally form an angle medially at knee joint of {{c1::180º to 185}}º (medial tibiofemoral angle)
Published	07/30/2024	Physiologic/Normal Valgus of the Knee: {{c1::5}}º
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Genu Valgum}} aka {{c3::Knock Knee}} is when the medial tibiofemoral angle is {{c1::>185}}º and shifts weight-bearing line of the knee {{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Genu Varum}} aka {{c3::Bow legs}} is when the medial tibiofemoral angle is {{c1::≤175}}º and shifts weight-bearing line {{c2::MEDIALLY::medially…
Published	07/30/2024	During Unilateral Stance or when Dynamic Forces are applied to the joint, the weight-bearing line shifts toward the {{c1::medial::medial/lateral}} com…
Published	07/30/2024	If you check x-rays of patients with osteoarthritis, the degenerative changes occur at the {{c1::medial::medial/lateral}} compartment first
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] WB Stress during bilateral stance 1. Medial condyle 2. Lateral condyle{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	The tibial menisci are made up of {{c1::fibrocartilage}}
Published	07/30/2024	The knee menisci are {{c1::thick::thin/thick}} peripherally, {{c1::thin::thin/thick}} centrally
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::medial::medial/lateral}} meniscus is C-shaped
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lateral::medial/lateral}} meniscus is 4/5 of a circle
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] % covered by menisci and respective tibial surface 1. Medial meniscus 2. Lateral meniscus{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::medial::medial/lateral}} meniscus is more fixed because it is more clustered and has greater ligamentous and capsular restraints
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transverse}} Ligament/s - Connects both menisci anteriorly
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Medial and Lateral Patellomeniscal}} Ligament/s - Attaches both menisci directly or indirectly to the patella
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Coronary}} Ligament/s - Attaches both menisci peripheral to the tibia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Deep Portion of Medial Collateral}} Ligament/s - Firmly attaches (medial) meniscus to the capsule
Published	07/30/2024	3 Knee parts that are usually injured together: {{c1::MCL, medial meniscus, & ACL}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anterior Cruciate}} Ligament/s - Attached to the anterior horn of the meniscus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Posterior Cruciate}} Ligament/s - Attached to the posterior horn of the meniscus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Meniscofemoral}} Ligament/s - Attaches the {{c2::lateral::medial/lateral}} meniscus to the {{c2::P::A/P}}CL and {{c2::medial::medial/femoral}} f…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Semimembranosus}} muscle/s - Connects to {{c2::medial::medial/lateral}} meniscus via capsular connections
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Popliteus (more of tendon)}} muscle/s - Connects to {{c2::lateral::medial/lateral}} meniscus via capsular connections
Published	07/30/2024	Age when blood vessels contained throughout the meniscal body: {{c1::1st year}}
Published	07/30/2024	Age when Vascularity diminishes until only the outer 25 - 33% (1/4 – 1/3) is vascular: {{c1::weightbearing initiation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Age when only the periphery of meniscal body is vascularized: {{c1::50 y/o}}
Published	07/30/2024	Well innervated areas of the menisci: {{c1::Horns and peripheral vascularized portion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is the knee joint capsule tight?{{c1::N. It's large and lax::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Receptors of the well innervated areas of the menisci: {{c1::free nerve endings (nociceptors), ruffini corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Golgi Tendon O…
Published	07/30/2024	Anterior portion of joint capsule: {{c1::Tendon of the quadriceps muscles (superiorly), Patella, Patellar tendon/patellar ligament (inf…
Published	07/30/2024	Anteromedial and anterolateral portions of the capsule: {{c1::Medial and lateral patellar retinaculae (extensor retinaculum)::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Closed packed position of the joint capsule: {{c1::full extension}}
Published	07/30/2024	The joint capsule is reinforced posteroLATERALLY by the {{c1::arcuate}} ligament
Published	07/30/2024	The joint capsule is reinforced posteroMEDIALLY by the {{c1::posterior oblique}} ligament
Published	07/30/2024	the synovial layer of the joint capsule invaginates {{c1::anteriorly::direction}} and adheres to anterior aspect and sides of the {{c1::ACL::ligament}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ACL::ligament}} and {{c1::PCL::ligament}} of the knee are {{c2::in}}tracapsular but EXTRASYNOVIAL
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Patellar plicae}} - Failure of the synovial membrane to become fully resorbed results in persistent folds in specific regions of the membrane
Published	07/30/2024	During fetal development, synovial membrane separates the medial and lateral articular surfaces into separate joint cavities. By {{c1::12}} weeks…
Published	07/30/2024	3 Most frequent locations for the plicae in descending order of incidence:{{c1::Inferior (infrapatellar plica)Superior (suprapatellar plica)Medial (me…
Published	07/30/2024	Rarest location for the plicae:{{c1::Lateral plica}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Plica syndrome}} - Plica is irritated and inflamed → pain, effusion → erodes the cartilage that may become arthritic and exposure of subchondral…
Published	07/30/2024	Most important patellar ligament: {{c1::Medial patellofemoral ligament}}
Published	07/30/2024	Course of the medial patellofemoral ligament: {{c1::adductor tubercle}} -> {{c1::Blend with distal fibers of vastus medialis}} -> {{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	Ligaments of the knee offer combinations of anteroposterior displacements and rotations of the tibia together known as {{c1::rotary stabilization of t…
Published	07/30/2024	Superficial portion and a deep portion of the MCL are separated by a {{c1::bursa}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Medial Collateral}} Ligament is the secondary restraint to anterior tibial translation
Published	07/30/2024	Superficial MCL attachment: Medial {{c1::femoral epicondyle}} -> Medial {{c1::tibia DISTAL to the pes anserinus}}
Published	07/30/2024	The superficial MCL is the primary restraint to excessive {{c1::valgus (abduction)}} and {{c1::lateral tibial rotation stresses at the knee}}
Published	07/30/2024	Knee joint is better able to resist a valgus stress at {{c1::full extension::motion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Knee ligament with a rich blood supply bestowing the capacity to heal and rare necessity of surgical stabilization: {{c1::MCL}}
Published	07/30/2024	LCL attachment: lateral femoral condyle -> {{c1::fibular head}} and joins the tendon of the {{c1::biceps femoris}} muscle
Published	07/30/2024	The LCL resists excessive {{c1::varus}} and {{c1::lateral tibial rotation stresses at the knee}}
Published	07/30/2024	ACL attachment: {{c1::lateral and anterior aspect of the medial intercondylar tibial spine}} -> {{c1::posteromedial aspect of lateral femoral condy…
Published	07/30/2024	ACL twists {{c1::inwardly (medially)::direction}} as it travels proximally
Published	07/30/2024	ACL Major blood supply: {{c1::Middle geniculate}} artery
Published	07/30/2024	What are the 2 parts of the ACL and when are they tight?{{c1::Anteromedial bundle (AMB)}} is tight in {{c1::flexion}}{{c1::Posterolateral bundle (PLB)…
Published	07/30/2024	The ACL is the primary restraint against {{c1::anterior translation/shear of the tibia}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Rotary Stability offered 1. AMB 2. PLB{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Position of max laxity of the knee joint: {{c1::30° flexion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Injury to the ACL appears to occur most commonly when knee is {{c1::slightly flexed}} and tibia is {{c1::rotated in either direction in weight-bearing…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Quadriceps}} muscle/s increases ANTERIOR shear force on the tibia and thus, INCREASES ACL strain at full extension
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Hamstring and Soleus}} muscle/s increases POSTERIOR shear force on the tibia and thus, RELIEVES ACL strain
Published	07/30/2024	PCL attachment: {{c1::posterior tibial surface (between the posterior horns of the two menisci)}} -> {{c1::lateral aspect of the medial femoral con…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Thickness 1. ACL 2. PCL{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	The PCL is the primary restraint against {{c1::posterior translation/shear of the tibia}}
Published	07/30/2024	What are the 2 parts of the PCL and when are they tight?{{c1::Posteromedial Bundle (PMB)}} is tight in {{c1::extension}}{{c1::Anterolateral Bundle (AL…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Size and Strength 1. PMB 2. ALB{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the absence of PCL, muscles especially the {{c1::popliteus}} muscle must be recruited to actively stabilize against excessive posterior t…
Published	07/30/2024	Oblique Popliteal Ligament (OPL): {{c1::Posterocentral joint capsule}} -> {{c1::Posteromedial tibial condyle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Posterior Oblique Ligament (POL): {{c1::Origin of MCL and Adductor tubercle}} -> {{c1::Posteromedial tibia, posterior capsule, posteromedial medial…
Published	07/30/2024	Lateral Branch of the Arcuate Ligament: tendon of the {{c1::popliteus}} muscle -> {{c1::Posterior head of the fibula}}
Published	07/30/2024	Medial Branch of the Arcuate Ligament: tendon of the {{c1::popliteus}} muscle -> {{c1::OPL}}
Published	07/30/2024	Main ligament/s of the posteromedial knee capsule: {{c1::OPL, POL}}
Published	07/30/2024	Main ligament/s of the posterolateral knee capsule: {{c1::Arcuate ligament (medial and lateral branches)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Strength and Superficiality 1. OPL 2. POL{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Iliotibial band/tract is made out of the fascia of the {{c1::Tensor Fascia Lata, Gluteus Maximus, and Gluteus Medius::3}} muscles, attaches to the…
Published	07/30/2024	What are the 2 portions of the Iliotibial band/tract and what is their extent?{{c1::Tendinous}} Portion – {{c1::Proximal band}} -> {{c1::later…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Suprapatellar}} Bursa - Between quadriceps tendon and anterior femur superior to patella
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Subpopliteal}} Bursa - Between the tendon of the {{c2::popliteus}} muscle and the {{c2::lateral::medial/lateral}} femoral condyle
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gastrocnemius}} Bursa - Between the tendon of the {{c2::medial::medial/lateral}} head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the {{c2::medial::medial/l…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prepatellar}} Bursa - Between the skin and the anterior surface of the patella
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Infrapatellar}} Bursa - Between the patellar tendon and the overlying skin
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Deep Infrapatellar}} Bursa - Between the patellar tendon and the {{c2::tibial tuberosity}}
Published	07/30/2024	The transepicondylar axis represents an accurate estimate for the flexion/extension axis and {{c1::is not::is not/is}} fixed
Published	07/30/2024	During knee flexion, the femoral condyle rolls posteriorly for the first {{c1::0-25}} degrees then glides {{c1::anteriorly}} as well beyond {{c1::25}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Structures that facilitate anterior gliding of the condyles during WB knee flexion:{{c1::ACL, Menisci}}
Published	07/30/2024	Structures that facilitate posterior gliding of the condyles during WB knee extension:{{c1::PCL}}
Published	07/30/2024	The longitudinal axis for knee rotation runs closer to the {{c1::medial::medial/lateral}} tibial intercondylar tubercle
Published	07/30/2024	During tibial lateral rotation, the {{c1::medial::medial/lateral}} tibial condyle moves slightly while the {{c1::lateral::medial/lateral}} tibial cond…
Published	07/30/2024	Physiologic/Normal valgus/varus movement during full knee extension: {{c1::8}}o
Published	07/30/2024	Physiologic/Normal valgus/varus movement during 20o knee flexion: {{c1::13}}o
Published	07/30/2024	Our knees have a natural physiologic {{c1::valgus::valgus/varus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Knee flexion is coupled with {{c1::varus::valgus/varus}} motion
Published	07/30/2024	Knee extension is coupled with {{c1::valgus::valgus/varus}} motion
Published	07/30/2024	In accordance with the Locking/Screw-home mechanism of the leg during weightbearing, the freely moving femur {{c1::medially::medially/laterally}} rota…
Published	07/30/2024	In accordance with the Locking/Screw-home mechanism of the leg during weightbearing, unlocking is brought about by {{c1::lateral::medial/lateral}} rot…
Published	07/30/2024	7 Muscles of the Knee Flexor group:{{c1::SemimembranosusSemitendinosusBiceps femorisSartoriusGracilisPopliteusGastrocnemiusPlantaris*}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle that contributes the least to the knee flexor group: {{c1::Plantaris}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Pes anserinus is composed of the {{c1::Sartorius (anterior), Gracilis (medial), Semitendinosus (posterior)}} muscles and inserts in the {{c2::medi…
Published	07/30/2024	The Pes anserinus causes knee {{c1::flexion::action}} and resists {{c1::valgus::valgus/varus}} forces
Published	07/30/2024	The Hamstrings increase the strain on the {{c1::PCL::ligament}} in non-WB activities
Published	07/30/2024	The Hamstrings increase the strain on the {{c1::PCL::ligament}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Popliteus paralysis 2. Automatic medial rotation to unlock the knee during flexion{{c1::C. haha. It still occurs anyway}}
Published	07/30/2024	The only NON-2-jointed muscle/s of the Knee flexor group: {{c1::Short head of the biceps femoris and popliteus}}
Published	07/30/2024	The only 2-jointed muscle/s of the Quadriceps femoris group: {{c1::Rectus femoris}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::patellar::quadriceps/patellar}} tendon is more anatomically a ligament
Published	07/30/2024	The odd facet of the patella is beside the {{c1::medial::medial/lateral}} facet
Published	07/30/2024	When the knee is extended, the patella sits on anterior aspect of {{c1::femur::femur/tibia}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Articular surface 1. Patella 2. Femur{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	What mechanism minimizes stress during knee flexion until 90o?{{c1::Area of patellar contact gradually increases (dissipates stress)}}
Published	07/30/2024	What mechanism minimizes stress at 30-70º?{{c1::Stress is higher at the medial facet (has one of the thickest hyaline cartilage in the body)}}
Published	07/30/2024	What mechanism minimizes stress at beyond 90º?{{c1::QT comes into contact with femoral condyles (dissipates stress)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Because of the knee's physiologic valgus, the patella is pulled slightly {{c1::lateral::medial/lateral}} during movement
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Patellar dislocations 1. Medial 2. Lateral{{c1::B. There is a physiologic valgus. Thus, the patella is pulled slightly lateral during movement}}
Published	07/30/2024	During {{c2::flexion::motion}}, patellar stability is increased by the addition of {{c1::bony}} stability
Published	07/30/2024	Longitudinal and transverse soft tissue stabilizers maintain medial-lateral patellar stability when knee is {{c1::extended}}
Published	07/30/2024	Thickest portion of medial retinaculum (MR) and most important to prevent patellar dislocation: {{c1::Medial Patellofemoral Ligament (MPFL)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lateral lip}} of femoral sulcus acts as a buttress to excessive lateral patellar shift
Published	07/30/2024	Vastus MEDIALIS {{c1::oblique::oblique/longus}} inserts into superomedial aspect of patella and counteracts the lateral motion of patella
Published	07/30/2024	The Quadriceps Angle is the angle formed between 2 lines:line connecting the {{c1::ASIS}} to the midpoint of the patellaline connecting the {{c1::tibi…
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Q Angle 2. Lateral force on the patella{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Q-Angle 1. Men 2. Women{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Iliotibial band/tract tightness 2. {{c2::Lateral::medial/lateral}} facet stress{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Recommendation for those with patellofemoral pain on WB exercises: Avoid {{c1::deep flexion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Recommendation for those with patellofemoral pain on Non-WB exercises: Avoid {{c1::the final 30º of extension}}
Status	Last Update	Fields