Notes in MGY377 Lec 9

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Published	10/07/2023	What are the macronutrients essential for humans compared to E.coli (that we rely on external sources for?)
Published	10/07/2023	E.coli {{c1::cannot::can/cannot}} make organic compounds from inorganic compounds like CO2 or N2.
Published	10/07/2023	{{c1::Nardonella }} (gamma-protea bacteria) can make 1 amino acid and cannot make any of its vitamins, lipids, nucleotides or basic sugars.
Published	10/07/2023	As many as {{c1::15}}% of insects harbor at least 1 bacterial/fungal endosymbiont.
Published	10/07/2023	Endosymbionts in insects are characterized by:  1) Microbes are restricted to a single cell type - {{c1::a mycetocyte or bacteriocyte (cell …
Published	10/07/2023	What do whitefly endosymbionts do?
Published	10/07/2023	Endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and insects have evolved repeatedly in independent events throughout history, including {{c1::alphaprotea…
Published	10/07/2023	Where would you see bacteriomes in an insect larvae hosting Nardonella? Where would you see it in adults & why?
Published	10/07/2023	The genomes of Nardonella associated with different weevil species are all {{c1::small::small/big}} compared to other gamma-proteobacteria. …
Published	10/07/2023	Why are tyrosine synthesis genes important in Nardonella? (2 reasons)
Published	10/07/2023	What happens if you kill off Nardonella (by antibiotics) in adult beetles?
Published	10/07/2023	Nardonella bacteria take compounds from the insect host and convert them to (almost) {{c1::tyrosine}}. {{c1::4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvate}} is exported fr…
Published	10/07/2023	What are the ways insects inherit endosymbionts from their mothers? (list 3)
Published	10/07/2023	What are the types of reproductive parasitism? (4)
Published	10/07/2023	What is cytoplasmic incompatibility?
Published	10/07/2023	What is feminization?
Published	10/07/2023	What is male killing (in reproductive parasitism)?
Published	10/07/2023	What is parthenogenesis?
Published	10/07/2023	After many years, the endosymbiotic theory/symbiogenesis was accepted finally through the work of {{c1::Lynn Margulis}}.
Published	10/07/2023	{{c1::Mitochondria and chloroplasts (platids)}} are ancient/famous example of endosymbionts.
Published	10/07/2023	Evidence for the endosymbiotic origins of the mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts): 1. They have their own DNA that appears {{c1::bacterial}}…
Published	10/07/2023	Why aren't the 13 genes encoding proteins in the human mtDNA just shipped into the nucleus?
Published	10/07/2023	The human mtDNA has 37 genes: 13 encode {{c1::proteins }}22 are for {{c1::tRNA }}2 encode the {{c1::small and large subunits of mt-rRNA…
Published	10/07/2023	The mitochondrial proteome makes up approx. {{c1::10}}% of the proteins of a eukaryotic cell.
Published	10/07/2023	Mitochondria retained their own...{{c1::ribosomes and tRNA genes, NADH dehydrogenase, ATP synthase, and cytochrome oxidase subunits}}. The genes encod…
Published	10/07/2023	Aminoglycoside antibiotics are implicated in hearing loss in >120,000 people a year because {{c1::the mitochondrial ribosome is similar enough to b…
Published	10/07/2023	All animals inherit their mitochondria from their {{c1::mothers::mothers/fathers}}.
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