Notes in 11AtopicDiseases

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Published	07/30/2024	Autoimmunity is common in individuals in the {{c1::20 to 40 year}} age group.  (But, there is a small percentage where the pediatric age gro…
Published	07/30/2024	Type of HypersensitivityPathologic Immune MechanismsMechanisms of Tissue Injury {{c1::Immediate: Type I}}{{c2::Th2 ce…
Published	07/30/2024	Type {{c1::I}} Hypersensitivity is also known as allergy, atopy or immediate hypersensitivity
Published	07/30/2024	A hallmark of Type I hypersensitivity is the production of {{c1::IgE}} antibody, which is dependent on the activation of {{c2::IL-4::cytokine}} produc…
Published	07/30/2024	1. [[oc1::Activation of Th2 and IL-4–secreting follicular helper T (Tfh) cells]]2. [[oc2::Binding of the IgE to IgE-specific Fc receptors of mast cell…
Published	07/30/2024	The clinical and pathologic manifestations of allergy consist of: {{c1::immediate hypersensitivity}} - the vascular and smooth muscle reactions t…
Published	07/30/2024	Mutations of {{c1::filaggrin}}, a protein required for barrier function of skin increases risk for: atopic dermatitis in early childhood sub…
Published	07/30/2024	The development of allergic disease begins with the differentiation of {{c1::IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13::3}} producing CD4+ helper T cells in lymphoid tiss…
Published	07/30/2024	In response to {{c1::CD40 ligand and cytokines, mainly IL-4 and possibly IL-13::3}}, produced by helper T cells, the B cells undergo heavy chain isoty…
Published	07/30/2024	CharacteristicMast CellsBasophilsEosinophils Major site of maturation{{c1::Bone marrow precursors mature in connective tissue and mucosal tissues}}{{…
Published	07/30/2024	CharacteristicMast CellsBasophilsEosinophils Location of cells{{c1::Connective tissue and mucosal tissue}}{{c1::Blood}}{{c1::Blood}}
Published	07/30/2024	CharacteristicMast CellsBasophilsEosinophils Life span{{c1::Weeks to months}}{{c1::Days}}{{c1::Days to weeks}}
Published	07/30/2024	CharacteristicMast CellsBasophilsEosinophils Major growth & differentiation factor (cytokines) {{c1::Stem cell factor, IL-3}}{{c1::IL-3}}{{c…
Published	07/30/2024	CharacteristicMast CellsBasophilsEosinophils Expression of FcεRI{{c1::High}}{{c1::High}}{{c1::Low}}
Published	07/30/2024	CharacteristicMast CellsBasophilsEosinophils Major granule contents{{c2::Histamine, heparin and/or chondroitin sulfate, proteases}}{{c3::Histamine, c…
Published	07/30/2024	Progenitors migrate to the peripheral tissues as immature cells and undergo differentiation in response to local biochemical cues, including stem-cell…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eosinophils}} are abundant in the inflammatory infiltrates of {{c2::late-phase reactions::immediate hypersensitivity/late phase reaction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cytokines produced by {{c1::Th2}} cells promote activation of {{c2::eosinophils}} and their recruitment to {{c3::late-phase::immediate hypersensitivit…
Published	07/30/2024	IgE antibody binds to {{c1::high-affinity Fc receptors, specific for the ε heavy chain}}, that are expressed on {{c2::mast cells::cells}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Atopic::Atopic/Normal}} individuals, mast cells undergo sensitization
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Normal::Atopic/Normal}} Individuals, mast cells carry IgE with different specificities
Published	07/30/2024	o {{c1::Inhaled}} allergens – activate mast cells in the submucosal tissues of the bronchus o {{c1::Ingested}} allergens – activate mast cells in…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Atopic::Normal/Atopic}} individuals produce high levels of IgE in response to environmental allergens, whereas {{c2::normal::Normal/Atopic}} ind…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IgE::antibody}} is of central importance in atopy because this isotype is responsible for sensitizing mast cells and it specifically recognizes …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::High-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI)::receptor}}Consists of three polypeptide chains, one of which binds the Fc portion of the ε heavy chainsO…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IgE}}, like all other antibodies, is made exclusively by B cells, yet {{c1::IgE}} functions as an {{c2::antigen receptor}} on the surface of mas…
Published	07/30/2024	When mast cells sensitized by IgE are exposed to the allergen, they are activated to secrete inflammatory mediators. {{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mast cells are activated by {{c2::cross-linking of FcεRI molecules}}, which occurs by binding of {{c1::multivalent antigens::antigens}} to the IgE mol…
Published	07/30/2024	The most important mediators produced are:{{c1::Vasoactive amines and proteases}}{{c1::Arachidonic acid metabolism products::Leukotriene, Prostaglandi…
Published	07/30/2024	Inflammatory Mediators of Immediate Hypersensitivity MediatorFunction/Action {{c1::Histamine (major amine)}}{{c2::increased vascular permeability and …
Published	07/30/2024	Type II Hypersensitivity: Complement and Fc receptor-mediated Inflammation DiseaseTarget AntigenMechanismManifestationsGoodpasture Syn…
Published	07/30/2024	Type II Hypersensitivity: Opsonization & Phagocytosis DiseaseTarget AntigenMechanismshead4{{c2::Autoimmune hemolytic anemia}}{{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Type II Hypersensitivity: Abnormal Cellular Response DiseaseTarget AntigenMechanismManifestation {{c4::Grave's disease…
Published	07/30/2024	Less commonly, antibodies produced against a microbemay cross-react with a tissue antigen. {{c1::T::[T/F]}}
Published	07/30/2024	Therapy for Antibody-Mediated Diseases {{c1::Plasmapheresis}}Used in severe cases to reduce levels of circulatingantibodies{{c2::Splen…
Published	07/30/2024	Type III Hypersensitivity DisordersImmune complexes that cause disease may becomposed of antibodies bound to self-antigens only. {{c1::F. Either …
Published	07/30/2024	Type III Hypersensitivity DiseaseAntibody SpecificityManifestations {{c7::Systemic Lupus Erythematosus}}DNANucleoprote…
Published	07/30/2024	Type III Hypersensitivity: PathogenesisThe amount of immune complex deposition in tissues isdetermined by the {{c1::nature}} of the complexes and thec…
Published	07/30/2024	Type III Hypersensitivity: PathogenesisThe major mechanism of tissue injury in immunecomplex diseases is {{c1::inflammation}} within the walls ofblood…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV HypersensitivityInflammatory reactions are elicited mainly by {{c1::CD4+::CD4/CD8}} T cells of the {{c1::Th1 and Th17}} subsets.
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: Etiology The major causes of T cell–mediatedhypersensitivity reactions are:• {{c1::autoimmunity}}• {{c2::exaggerated or…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: MechanismsT cells may cause tissue injury and disease by twomechanisms:• (A) {{c2::Inflammation}} may be triggered by cytoki…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: MechanismsT cells may cause tissue injury and disease by twomechanisms:(A) {{c2::Inflammation}} may be triggered by cytokine…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: Mechanisms{{c1::Same::Same/Different}} diseases are produced from the activation of Th1 and Th17 cells.
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: DTHCharacteristic response evolves over {{c1::24 to 48}} hoursafter an individual previously exposed to a protein antigen is…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: DTHBy about {{c1::12}} hours, the injection site becomes infiltratedby T cells and blood monocytes, also organized inperiven…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: DTHBy about {{c1::12}} hours, the injection site becomes infiltrated by T cells and blood monocytes, also organized in periv…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: DTHAbout {{c1::4}} hours after the injection of an antigen in asensitized individual, neutrophils accumulate aroundthe {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: DTH{{c1::Induration}} – diagnostic feature of DTH that isdetectable by about {{c2::18}} hours after the injection ofantigen
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: DTHDTH reactions are manifested by:{{c1::InfiltratesEdema and fibrin depositionTissue damage::[3]}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: DTH{{c1::Granulomas}} – nodules of inflammatory tissue produced when microbes are localized in a small area
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity mainstay of treatment is potent {{c1::anti-inflammatory steroids}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: Therapy ComponentDrug Mechanism CTLA4-Ig, Calcineurin inhibitors, JAKs and other kinases{{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: TherapyCytokine AntagonismIn Juvenile indiopathic arthritis, inflammation and antibody responses are inhibited by antagonism…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: TherapyCytokine AntagonismIn Psoriasis, leukocyte recruitement is inhibited by antagonism of the {{c1::TNF and IL-17::[2]}} …
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity: TherapyCytokine AntagonismIn Rare autoinflammatory syndromes,  leukocyte recruitement is inhibited by antagonism of {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Type I / Immediate Hypersensitivity (commonly called allergy) can be caused by:activation of Th2 cells and IL-4-producing Tfh cells and production of …
Published	07/30/2024	Clinicopathologic manifestations result from the actions of mediators secreted by the mast cells:{{c1::Amines}} increase {{c2::vascular permeability}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Clinicopathologic manifestations result from the actions of mediators secreted by the mast cells:{{c1::Amines}} increase {{c2::vascular permeability}}…
Published	07/30/2024	In Type II hypersensitivity, IgG and IgM activate complement that:Promotes phagocytosis of cell to which they bindInduced inflammationCauses {{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	In Type III hypersensitivity, antibodies may bind to circulating antigens to form immune complexes that deposit in vessels, leading to {{c1::vasc…
Published	07/30/2024	Atopic diseases are characterized by type 2 inflammation, which involves cytokines {{c1::IL-4, IL-5, IL-13::[3]}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of HypersensitivityPathologic Immune MechanismsMechanisms of Tissue Injury {{c1::Antibody-mediated: Type II}}IgM…
Published	07/30/2024	Type of HypersensitivityPathologic Immune MechanismsMechanisms of Tissue Injury {{c1::Immune complex-mediated: Type I…
Published	07/30/2024	Type of HypersensitivityPathologic Immune MechanismsMechanisms of Tissue Injury {{c1::T cell-mediated: Type IV}}{{c2:…
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