Notes in Tuberculosis LECTURE 17

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Published	01/07/2025	what is tuberculosis?caused by?{{c1::caused by bacterium: tubercule bacilli}}structure?{{c1::mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex}}
Published	01/07/2025	what kind of disease is TB (in terms of PersonPopHealth)?{{c1::notifiable disease}}
Published	01/07/2025	who is at risk of TB?{{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	how is TB transmitted?{{c1::spread by droplet from cough (in pulmonary TB)}}{{c1::bacillus inhaled into lung}}How is it spread in the body?{{c1::macro…
Published	01/07/2025	clinical presentation (symptoms) of pulmonary TB:what acronym is used to remember the symptoms?{{c1::cough (productive): not improving with standard a…
Published	01/07/2025	differential diagnosis of patient with cough and haemoptysis{{c1::TB}}{{c1::lung cancer}}
Published	01/07/2025	TB infection: initial hypersensitivity presentation{{c1::erythema nodosum}}{{c1::phlyctenular conjunctivitis}}
Published	01/07/2025	*pathogenesis of TB - very important!primary infection - {{c1::local progression (if unable to fight)}}disseminated disease which leads to {{c1::milia…
Published	01/07/2025	Gohn complex{{c1::caseating granulomas and spread of TB to lymph nodes}}
Published	01/07/2025	what is the difference between TB and sarcoidosis (histopathologically)?{{c1::TB = caseating granulomas, sarcoidosis = non-caseating granulomas}}
Published	01/07/2025	progression of TB{{c1::pay attention to percentages}}
Published	01/07/2025	pulmonary TB: {{c1::progression after reactivation of latent infection}}what are the 3 types?
Published	01/07/2025	pulmonary MTB:- % of cases?- disease?{{c1::majority of cases (55%)}}{{c1::cavitatory disease - more infectious}}
Published	01/07/2025	Ghon Focus in lungs{{c1::granuloma, area of central caseation and fibrosis}}{{c1::calcified with dormant bacteria}}
Published	01/07/2025	MTB bacillus features- aerobe or anarobe?- fast or slow division?- cell wall lacks...?- doesn't stain strongly with which stain?- retains stains after…
Published	01/07/2025	if the bacteria is an {{c2::acid fast bacillus}}...{{c1::it is TB}}
Published	01/07/2025	What do we use for the diagnosis of pulmonary MTB?- if no sputum what is used?{{c1::CXR: upper lobe predilection (apices are more oxygenated)}}{{c1::s…
Published	01/07/2025	immune tests done in pulmonary MTB diagnosis{{c1::mantoux (tuberculin test)}}{{c1::interferon gamma release assay (IGRA)/T-spot test}}What type of hyp…
Published	01/07/2025	microbiological diagnosis of MTB{{c1::sputum}}{{c1::ziehl-nelson}} stain{{c1::TB cultures}} - confirm diagnoses/drug sensitivities{{c1::nucl…
Published	01/07/2025	histology of MTB:- type of inflammation?- type of necrosis?- type of bacteria in granulomas?- cells present?{{c1::granulomatous inflammation}}{{…
Published	01/07/2025	mantoux/tuberculin testsresponse:{{c1::cutaneous immune response to intra dermal injection of purified protein derivative}}when is it measured?{{c1::s…
Published	01/07/2025	physiology of tuberculin response (mantoux test (indirect test))requirement:{{c1::requires circulating memory T-cells to mount delayed hypersensitivit…
Published	01/07/2025	IGRA/T-spot testhow does it work?in vitro test measuring {{c1::T-cell activation}} by {{c1::MTB antigens}}blood taken must be analysed within {{c…
Published	01/07/2025	differences between IGRA and mantoux:{{c1::IGRA = more specific (correlates better with degree of exposure)}}
Published	01/07/2025	important point about IGRA and mantoux test:do not differentiate between {{c1::latent infection and disease}}
Published	01/07/2025	diagnosis of TB (all test results){{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	CXR features of pulmonary MTB{{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	latent and active pulmonary TB{{c1::most infected people are asymptomatic and not infectious = LATENT}}{{c1::90% will never become ill with TB (unless…
Published	01/07/2025	features of latent and active TB – IMPORTANT{{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	differential diagnoses (TB){{c1::bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy}}{{c1::sarcoidosis}}{{c1::lymphoma}}
Published	01/07/2025	what are the B symptoms?{{c1::B symptoms = fever, drenching night sweats and weight loss}}
Published	01/07/2025	extrapulmonary MTBmore common in {{c1::non-UK born asian}} origin{{c1::reactivation}}sites include?
Published	01/07/2025	TB lyphadenitisoften get worse on {{c1::treatment (paradoxical reaction)}}form sinus tracts with {{c1::chronic discharge}}{{c1::cold abscess}} fo…
Published	01/07/2025	disseminated miliary TBsymptoms: {{c1::fever, sweats, weight loss, malaise common}}type of symptoms most common in majority:{{c1::respiratory}}GI symp…
Published	01/07/2025	Drug therapy for TB:inital phase: {{c1::2 months with 4 drugs}}continuous phase: {{c1::4 months with 2 drugs}}total: {{c1::6 months treatment}}
Published	01/07/2025	CNS TB (TB meningitis) = {{c1::12}} months of treatment
Published	01/07/2025	what are the most common side effects of drug treatments for MTB?{{c1::nausea and skin rashes}}
Published	01/07/2025	what would make you stop drug treatment for MTB?abnormal {{c1::Liver Functions}} Test
Published	01/07/2025	{{c1::83%}} of TB patients complete six-month of treatment
Published	01/07/2025	prevention of spread of TB{{c1::BCG vaccination}}{{c1::contact tracing}}{{c1::directly observe therapy}}
Published	01/07/2025	BCG vaccination reduces risk of{{c1::TB meningitis}}{{c1::miliary TB}}
Published	01/07/2025	how are traced contacts screened: what methods are used to screen if they have TB?{{c1::CXR}}{{c1::IGRA}}
Published	01/07/2025	screened contacts-if CXR normal and IGRA positive: {{c1::Latent TB treatment}}if CXR abnormal (with symptoms) and IGRA +ve:{{c1::6 month TB treat…
Published	01/07/2025	how is compliance of treatment observed in TB?{{c1::directly observed therapy (DOT)}}
Published	01/07/2025	monitoring TB treatment{{c1::blood test}} (liver function tests) at baseline{{c1::ishihara}} test{{c1::colour}} visionmonitor {{c1::liv…
Published	01/07/2025	what does smear positive mean?{{c1::TB organisms in the sputum}}
Published	01/07/2025	what differentiates between active and latent TB?{{c1::AFB in the sputum}}{{c1::(both will have a positive IGRA)}}
Published	01/07/2025	Which of these is a risk factor for developing active TB? 1  living in low altitude 2  male gender 3  malnutrition 4  obesity 5&n…
Published	01/07/2025	The area of central caseation and fibrosis in lungs that is calcified with dormant bacteria is known as?
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