Notes in Chest X-ray

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Published	02/18/2024	73c4ffa0642f47e49b4dbddb2eb1b642-ao-1
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Published	02/18/2024	Consequences of a Lordotic View{{c1::Improved view of the lung apices}}{{c1::Diminished view of the lung bases and costophrenic angles}}{{c1::Distorti…
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Published	02/18/2024	Consequences of Z Axis Rotation{{c1::Size and shape of cardiac silhouette, mediastinum, and/or hilum may be distorted}}
Published	02/18/2024	Assessment of Adequate Inspiration{{c1::9-10 posterior ribs should be visible}}{{c2::6-7 anterior ribs should be visible, with the 7th rib "piercing" …
Published	02/18/2024	Consequences of Inadequate Inspiration{{c1::Lung volumes appear falsely low}}{{c1::Lung markings appear falsely prominent → false appearance of pulmon…
Published	02/18/2024	Assessing Exposure/Penetration{{c1::Outlines of the vertebral bodies (thoracic) should be visible}}
Published	02/18/2024	Consequences of Suboptimal PenetrationExcessive brightness → {{c1::Falsely prominent pulmonary markings}}Diminished brightness → {{c1::Falsely diminis…
Published	02/18/2024	Summary of Assessing Technical QualityLook for rotation:{{c1::Ensure patient is not crooked}}{{c1::Ensure lung apices are visible above clavicles}}{{c…
Published	02/18/2024	Pathologies of airways on chest X-ray:{{c1::Narrowed}}{{c1::Deviated}}{{c1::Contain foreign object}}
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Published	02/18/2024	Airway DeviationAbnormalities deviating trachea away from affected side{{c1::Pneumothorax}}{{c1::Pleural effusion}}{{c1::Large mass}}Abnormalities dev…
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Published	02/18/2024	Airway deviation due to local displacement{{c1::Lateral deviation due to mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy in lymphoma or other malgenancies}}{{c2::Sp…
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Published	02/18/2024	On chest X-ray, bones can be:{{c1::Fractured (recent vs. old)}}{{c1::Deformed (e.g. kyphosis, scoliosis)}}{{c2::Sclerosed (solitary vs. multiple vs. d…
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Published	02/18/2024	Causes of subcutaneous tissue air:Introduced internally:{{c1::Pneumothorax}}{{c1::Pneumomediastinum}}{{c1::Pulmonary interstitial emphysema}}Introduce…
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Published	02/18/2024	Objects external to the patient{{c1::It is important to check if a given artifact is external to the patient. Some might be obvious, while others can …
Published	02/18/2024	PA vs. AP films{{c1::AP film will exaggerate the size of the heart (hear size is only accurate when assessed in a PA film)}}{{c1::Miediastanium won't …
Published	02/18/2024	CardiomegalyCalculated using the Cardiothoracic Ratio = {{c1::maximum horizental cardiac width}} / {{c1::maximum horizental thoracic width}}
Published	02/18/2024	Etiologies of cardiomegaly{{c1::Any cause of right or left sided heart failure}}{{c1::Pericardial effusion can be mistaken for cardiomegaly}}
Published	02/18/2024	Left atrial enlargement findings{{c1::Splaying of carinal angle > 90 degrees}}{{c1::Double density sign}}
Published	02/18/2024	Etiologies of enlarged left atrium{{c1::Left heart failure (any cause)}}{{c2::Mitral valve disease (stenosis, regurgitation, prolapse)}}
Published	02/18/2024	CXR can assess the enlargement of following heart chambers:{{c1::Left atrium}}{{c1::Right ventricule}}
Published	02/18/2024	Right ventricular enlargement findings{{c1::Filling of retrosternal space (on lateral view)}}
Published	02/18/2024	Etiologies of right ventricular enlargment{{c1::Pulmonary hypertension (any cause)}}{{c1::Pulmonary valve disease (stenosis, regurgitation)}}
Published	02/18/2024	Pericardial effusion findings{{c1::Enlarged cardiac shilouette (primary finding)}}{{c2::Water bottle morphology of shilouette}}{{c2::Oreo cookie sign}…
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Published	02/18/2024	Pericardial effusion etiologiesAcute{{c1::Trauma}}{{c1::Viral pericarditis}}{{c1::Complication of MI (e.g. free wall rupture, Dressler syndrome)}}{{c1…
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Published	02/18/2024	Widened mediastinum findings{{c1::Generally defined as > 8cm (on PA or AP)}}
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Published	02/18/2024	Differential diagnosis of hilar enlargement (very long){{c1::Malignancy}}{{c1::Primary lung cancer}}{{c1::Lymphoma}}{{c1::Metastatic disease (e.g. lun…
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Published	02/18/2024	Hilum overlay signUsed to {{c1::distinguish a hilar mass from an anterior/posterior mediastinal mass}}Finding: {{c2::Obsecured pulmonary vessles …
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Published	02/18/2024	Normal Mediastinal Contour
Published	02/18/2024	Normal Hilar Position
Published	02/18/2024	Pulmonary Arteries Normal Contour
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Published	02/18/2024	The size of a pneumothorax is based on {{c1::the thickness of the rim of air around the lung at the level of the hilum on a PA film}}.Less than 2 cm =…
Published	02/18/2024	Tricks to diagnose pneumothorax{{c1::Expiratory vs inspiratory PA films can help make pneumothoraces easier to see}}{{c2::Looking at the inverse film}…
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Published	02/18/2024	Etiologies of pneumothorax{{c1::Primary pneumothorax "aka spontaneous":}}{{c2::Develops in abscence of any lung disease or potential iatrogenic proced…
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Published	02/18/2024	Characteristics of a pleural effusion to assess on a CXR{{c1::Unilateral vs bilateral}}{{c1::Size}}{{c1::Free flowing vs loculated}}{{c1::Associated f…
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Published	02/18/2024	Loculated effusion Are ones in which {{c1::the fluid is subdivided into compartments that do not freely communicate with one another.}}Caused by {{c1:…
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Published	02/18/2024	Subpulmonic effusionFluid accumulation between the {{c1::lung base and the diaphragm}} which does not track up with the {{c1::pleura}}, and therefore,…
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Published	02/18/2024	Effect of insufficiently upright position on assessment of pleural effusion:Proper upright position creates {{c1::sharp maniscus which allows for easy…
Published	02/18/2024	Miscellaneous pleural disease{{c1::Pleural plaques}}Typically {{c1::bilateral, multifocal and relatively symmetric}}{{c2::Pleural thickening}}{{c3::Pl…
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Published	02/18/2024	Causes of elevated hemidiaphragm{{c1::Diminished lung volume (e.g. atelectasis)}}{{c1::Phrenic nerve paralysis}}{{c2::Eventration of the diaphragm}}{{…
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Published	02/18/2024	Causes of pneumomediastinum{{c1::Trauma}}{{c1::Esophageal rupture}}{{c2::Vomiting}}{{c4::Asthma}}{{c3::Post-neck or chest surgery}}{{c3::Barotrauma (e…
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Published	02/18/2024	Hyperinflation is a subjective term that can only be verified using pulmonary function tests. However it is assumed based on:{{c1::Number of ribs seen…
Published	02/18/2024	Types of opacities{{c1::Alveolar (aka airspace) opacities}}{{c1::Interstitial opacities}}
Published	02/18/2024	Alveolar opacities areDue to accumulation of {{c1::fluid in the alveoli and terminal bronchi}}.Fluid may be {{c2::edema}}, {{c2::pus}} or {{c2::blood}…
Published	02/18/2024	Etiologies of alveolar opacities:{{c1::Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (elevated PCWP mostly LV issue)}}Any cause of {{c2::congestive heart failure (e.g. …
Published	02/18/2024	Features differentiating cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema{{c1::Air bronchogram}}{{c1::Peribronchial cuffing or tram-tracks}}{{c2::Kerle…
Published	02/18/2024	Air bronchogramBronchi are usually {{c1::not visible}} on X-rayOpacification of alveoli adjacent to bronchi results in {{c1::the dark, air-filled bron…
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Published	02/18/2024	Kerley A and B linesKerley A lines: Are {{c1::diagnoal, unbranching lines, 2-6cm long, extending from the hilum}}Represent {{c1::channels between…
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Published	02/18/2024	CephalizationIs {{c1::increased visibility of pulmonary vessles at the lung apices as compared to bases}}Suggestive of {{c1::increased left atrial pre…
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Published	02/18/2024	"Bat's wing"  patternIs {{c1::bilateral, perihilar concentration of opacification}}Seen in:{{c2::Cardiogenic pulmonary edema}}{{c6::Pneumonia: vi…
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Published	02/18/2024	Cardiogenic VS non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema signs
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Published	02/18/2024	Opacity vs. infiltrate vs. consolidationNo {{c1::formal definitions of these terms, and they are often used interchangeably and in non-specific ways}}…
Published	02/18/2024	Silhouette signIs {{c1::loss of the normally visible border of an intrathoracic structure caused by an adjacent pulmonary denisty}}Used {{c2::to descr…
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Published	02/18/2024	Signs used to describe focal lung changes{{c1::Silhouette sign}}{{c1::Spine sign}}
Published	02/18/2024	Spine signAn {{c1::abnormal insrease in opacification overlying the spine while moving superior to inferior on the lateral view, suggestive of lower l…
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