Notes in 07GramPositiveCocci

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Published	07/30/2024	Staphylococcus Aureus ToxinsAction {{c1::Hemolysin}}Hemolyses RBCs{{c2::Leukocidin}}Destroys leukocytes (neutrophils &…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Localized}} diseases invade through wound injury, follicles, and glands.
Published	07/30/2024	In the skin, Staphylococcus aureus may give rise to {{c1::folliculitis}}, a superficial infection of hair follicle which is self-limiti…
Published	07/30/2024	In the skin, Staphylococcus aureus may give rise to a {{c1::furuncle}}, a boil, inflammation of hair follicle/sebaceous glands that may…
Published	07/30/2024	In the skin, Staphylococcus aureus may give rise to a {{c1::carbuncle}} which is a larger and deeper lesion of group or clusters of furuncle…
Published	07/30/2024	In the skin, Staphylococcus aureus may give rise to {{c1::impetigo}}, a bubble like swelling that can break and peel away and is common in newbor…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Systemic}} diseases affect the entire body, rather than a single organ or body part.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Osteomyelitis::Systemic disease}} - infection of the metaphysis of bone leading to abscess formation.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bacteremia::Systemic disease}} - bacteria in the blood coming from an infected site e.g. medical device, prosthetics, may latch onto heart …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Food intoxication::Toxigenic disease}} results from digestion of heat stable enterotoxins that can produce gastrointestinal distress.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome::Toxigenic disease}} results from a toxin and includes bright red flush, blisters, and the desquamation of …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Toxic shock syndrome::Toxigenic disease}} results from toxemia leading to sepsis, shock, and organ failure.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Staphylococcus capitis::Bacteria}} lives on scalp, face, external ear.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Staphylococcus hominis::Bacteria}} lives around apocrine sweat glands.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Staphylococcus epidermidis::Bacteria}} lives on skin surface and mucous membranes. It causes endocarditis, bacteremia, UTI.
Published	07/30/2024	S. aureus produces {{c1::catalase}} that converts {{c2::H2O2}} into {{c2::H2O}}, which prevents WBCs from killing them.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Novobiocin-resistance test}} is a disk diffusion test used to test between {{c2::Staphylococcus saprophyticus}} aand {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Staphylococcus {{c1::saprophyticus}} is novobiocin-resistant, whereas Staphylococcus {{c1::epidermidis}} is novobiocin-sensitive.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::S. aureus::S. aureus/Streptococci}} spherical in shape and arranged in clusters
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptococci::S. aureus/Streptococci}} Spherical/ovoid cocci, arranged in chains or in pairs
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptococci::S. Aureus/Streptococci}}: fastidious and require enriched media
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptococci::S. Aureus vs. Streptococci}} sensitive to drying, heat, & disinfectants.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptococci::S. aureus/Streptococci}}: small (pinpoint), nonpigmented colonies (white)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Both::S. aureus/Streptococci}}: non-spore formers & non-motile.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Both::S. aureus/Streptococci}}: facultative anaerobes
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococci do not have catalase but have {{c1::peroxidase}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::S. aureus::S. aureus/Streptococci}} can withstand high salt, pH, and temperature.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Staphylococcus saprophyticus::Bacteria}} infrequently lives on skin, intestine, vagina, and is the common cause of {{c2::uncomplicated UTI}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase-negative.
Published	07/30/2024	Staphylococcus aureus grows on the agar plate as {{c1::large::size}}, {{c1::round::shape}}, {{c1::opaque::opacity}} colonies.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Both::S. aureus/Streptococci}}: Gram positive cocci.
Published	07/30/2024	Staphylococcus aureus is a common inhabitant of the {{c1::skin}} and {{c1::mucosa}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The optimum temperature for Staphylococcus aureus is {{c1::37°C}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hemolysin}} is a toxin produced by S. aureus that {{c2::hemolyzes RBCs::action}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Enterotoxin}} is a toxin produced by S. aureus that causes {{c2::gastrointestinal disease/food poisoning}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Exfoliative toxin}} is a toxin produced by S. aureus that {{c2::separates the epidermis from the dermis::action}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Toxic shock syndrome toxin}} is a toxin produced by S. aureus that causes sepsis, fever, shock, vomiting, and organ damage.
Published	07/30/2024	Staphylococcus aureus (Virulence Factors)Enzyme Action{{c1::Coagulase }}{{c7::Coagulate plasma and blood}}{{c2::Hyaluronidase }}{{…
Published	07/30/2024	The reservoirs of S. aureus include the {{c1::anterior nares}}, {{c1::nasopharynx}}, {{c1::intestines}}, and {{c1::skin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} S. aureus is present in most environments and is readily isolated from fomites.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus}} are frequently involved in {{c2::nosocomial}} and {{c2::opportunistic}} infections.
Published	07/30/2024	A coagulase-negative bacteria with anaerobic growth and urease production and ferments mannose is likely {{c1::Staphylococcus epidermidis}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A coagulase-negative bacteria with no anaerobic growth is likely {{c1::Staphylococcus hominis}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A coagulase-negative bacteria with anaerobic growth but no urease production is likely {{c1::Staphylococcus capitis}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A coagulase-negative bacteria with anaerobic growth and urease production but does not ferment mannose is likely {{c1::Staphylococcus saprophytic…
Published	07/30/2024	S. pyogenesS. agalactiaeS. viridansS. pneumoniaeEnterococcus faecalis (group D Streptococcus)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Streptococcus pyogenes is a strict parasite.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptococcus pyogenes}} is the most serious streptococcal pathogen.
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococcus pyogenes belongs to {{c1::Group A::Lancefield classification}} and exhibits {{c2::beta}} hemolysis.
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococcus pyogenes inhabits the {{c1::nasopharynx}}, {{c1::throat}}, and occasionally the {{c1::skin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C carbohydrates}}: a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes that protects it against lysozyme attacks (from neutrophils).
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fimbriae}}: a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes that enables adherence to host tissue.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyaluronic acid capsule}}: a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes that enables it to escape immune response.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C5a protease}}: a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes that inhibits complement and neutrophil response.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptolysins::extracellular toxin}}: a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes that is responsible for beta hemolysis.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Erythrogenic toxin::extracellular toxin}}: a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes that causes fever and rash.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptokinase::extracellular enzyme}}: a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes that digests fibrin clots and allows bacteria to spread.&nbs…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyaluronidase}}: a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes that breaks down connective tissue and allows bacteria to spread.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Impetigo/pyoderma}} is characterized by superficial infections that break and form highly contagious crust (outer keratin layer).
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Erysipelas}} is a bacterial infection of the superficial dermis characterized by well demarcated borders and brilliant red skin color.
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::necrotizing fasciitis/flesh eating disease}}, bacteria enter through breaks in the skin and cause damage/necrosis of soft tissue.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diabetic}} and {{c1::immunocompromised}} patients are high risk for necrotizing fasciitis.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptococcal pharyngits}} is characterized by an enlarged tonsil, and inflamed surrounding tissue (uvula, posterior pharynx).
Published	07/30/2024	Infection with strains of Streptococcus pyogenes that produce erythrogenic toxins can result in {{c1::scarlet fever}} which is characterized by a…
Published	07/30/2024	Skin infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes: - {{c1::impetigo/pyoderma}}- {{c1::erysipelas}}- {{c1::necrotizing fasciitis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Systemic infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes: - {{c1::scarlet fever}}- {{c1::septicemia}}- {{c1::pneumonia}}- {{c1::s…
Published	07/30/2024	Long term complications of Group A infections: - {{c1::rheumatic fever}}- {{c1::acute glomerulonephritis}}- {{c1::post streptococc…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rheumatic fever}} is a long term complication of Group A infections which follows overt or subclinical pharyngitis in children. It is characteri…
Published	07/30/2024	Rheumatic fever usually produces stenosis in the {{c1::mitral}} valve. The stenosis is caused by cross reaction of the {{c2::M protein}} of …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute glomerulonephritis}} is a long term complication of Group A infections that can lead to leaky urine, protein excretion, hematuria, and hyp…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glomerulonephritis}} may develop 1-2 weeks after recovery from a {{c2::strep throat infection}} or, rarely, a {{c2::skin infection (impetigo)}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ASO titer}} is a test that measures the blood serum levels of  {{c2::antistreptolysin O}} which are the antibodies to the {{c3::strept…
Published	07/30/2024	ASO antibody levels start to rise in {{c1::1-3 weeks::time}} after infection, peaks in {{c2::3-5 weeks::time}}, and then goes back to an ins…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} In ASO titer, a sising titer over time is more indicative of infection than a single test.
Published	07/30/2024	A titer of {{c1::>166 Todd units}} is considered definite elevation and positive ASO test in adults.
Published	07/30/2024	Normal findings for antistreptolysin O titers:  Age GroupASO titer (Todd units/mL)adult/elderly{{c1::≤160}}newborn{{c2::simi…
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococcus agalactiae belongs to {{c1::Group B::Lancefield classification}} and is a regular resident in the {{c2::vagina}}, {{c2::p…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Streptococcus agalactiae can be transfered to the infant during a normal spontaneous delivery.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptococcus agalactiae}} is the most common cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis.
Published	07/30/2024	Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, and E. durans all belong to {{c1::Group D::Lancefield classification}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Group D enterococci}} are normal colonists of human {{c2::large intestines::organ}} and they cause opportunistic urinary, wound, skin infec…
Published	07/30/2024	The ability of {{c1::Group D enterococci}} to grow on environments with {{c2::high salt concentrations}} and {{c2::bile}} can be used to dif…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Group C and G streptococci}} are common animal flora and can be isolated from the {{c2::upper respiratory tract}}. They sometimes cause&nbs…
Published	07/30/2024	Beta-hemolytic Strep which are bacitracin-positive are likely {{c1::Streptococcus pyogenes}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Beta-hemolytic Strep which are bacitracin-negative and CAMP factor positive are likely {{c1::Group B Streptococcus agalactiae}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Beta-hemolytic Strep which are bacitracin-negative, CAMP factor negative, and Eschulin positive are likely {{c1::Streptococcus faecalis}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Beta-hemolytic Strep which are bacitracin-negative, CAMP factor negative, and Eschulin negative are likely {{c1::Group C and G streptococci}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In the {{c1::CAMP}} test, {{c2::Streptococcus agalactiae}} is identified based on its ability to enlarge the area of hemolysis produced by S…
Published	07/30/2024	In the {{c1::bile esculin test}}, gram-positive bacteria other than {{c2::Streptococci}} and {{c2::Enterococci}} are inhibited by bile …
Published	07/30/2024	The bile esculin test tests for organisms capable of growth in the presence of {{c1::4% bile}} and able to hydrolyze {{c2::esculin}} to {{c2::esc…
Published	07/30/2024	If an organism is able to hydrolyze esculin, the media will turn {{c1::dark brown}} or {{c1::black}} due to the reaction of esculetin with {{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	Organisms positive in the bile esculin test are then subjected to a {{c1::6.5% NaCl}} test. {{c2::S. faecalis/faecium}} are positive in this…
Published	07/30/2024	Group {{c1::A}} and {{c1::B}} streptococci are treated with {{c2::penicillin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Long term penicillin prophylaxis}} is indicated for people with a history of {{c2::rheumatic fever}} or {{c2::recurrent strep throat}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Enterococcal treatment usually requires {{c1::combined therapy}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The alpha hemolytic Streptococci (Viridans group) includes the following organisms: - {{c1::S. mutans}}- {{c1::S. oralis}}- {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::alpha hemolytic Streptococci (Viridans group)}} are the most numerous and widespread residents of the {{c2::gums and teeth}}, {{c2::ora…
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae are small, {{c1::lancet}} shaped cells arranged in {{c1::pairs}} and {{c1::short chains}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} Streptococcus pneumoniae has catalase but not peroxidase.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Streptococcus pneumoniae cultures die in O2.
Published	07/30/2024	All pathogenic strains of Streptococcus pneumonia form {{c1::large capsules}} which are their major virulence factor.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptococcus pneumoniae}} causes most (60-70%) bacterial pneumonias as well as {{c2::otitis media}}
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae is identified using the following tests: - {{c1::Gram stain}}- {{c1::Quellung test or capsular swelling reacti…
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae is traditionally treated with {{c1::penicillin G/V}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae: For older adults and other high risk individuals, there is a {{c1::capsular antigen vaccine}} that is effective fo…
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae: For children {{c2::2-23 months::age}}, there is a {{c1::conjugate vaccine}} available.
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococci species that are beta hemolytic and bacitracin resistant are likely {{c1::Group A Strep, S. pyogenes}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococci species that are beta hemolytic and bacitracin sensitive are likely {{c1::Group B Strep, S. agalactiae}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococci species that are alpha hemolytic and optochin sensitive are likely {{c1::S. pneumoniae}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococci species that are alpha hemolytic and optochin resistant are likely {{c1::Streptococci viridans, mitis}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::M protein}}: a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes that enables resistance to phagocytosis from macrophages and is responsible for {…
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