Notes in Chapter_05:_Infection

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Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Clindamycin}} is often added to necrotizing fascitis treatment because it interferes with {{c1::toxin production}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common accquired immune deficiency that predisposes to infection is {{c1::malnutrition}}
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c3::stomach}} is virtually sterile, however it does contain some gram {{c1::posi}}tive {{c1::cocci}} and some {{c2::yeast}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Proxim}}al small bowel contains 105 bacteria that are mostly gram {{c1::posi}}tive {{c1::cocci}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Dist}}al small bowel contains 107 bacteria, mostly gram {{c2::posi}}tive {{c2::cocci}}, gram {{c3::posi}}tive {{c3::rods}}, …
Published	07/07/2024	Most of the bacteria in the {{c2::colon::GI tract}} are a{{c1::nae}}robic
Published	07/07/2024	The most common bacteria in the {{c2::colon::GI tract}} is {{c1::Bacteroides fragilis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common a{{c2::e}}robic bacteria in the colon is {{c1::E. coli}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common fever source within {{c2::2}} days of surgery is {{c1::atelectasis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common fever source within {{c2::2-5}} days after surgery is {{c1::UTI}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common fever source within {{c2::5 or more}} days after surgery is {{c1::wound infection}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of gram negative sepsis is {{c1::E. coli}}
Published	07/07/2024	In gram negative sepsis, {{c1::E. coli::bacteria}} releases {{c2::end}}otoxin lipopolysaccharide {{c3::lipid A}}
Published	07/07/2024	In E. coli sepsis, {{c3::lipid A::toxin}} triggers the release of {{c2::TNF-alpha::cytokine}}, which leads to {{c1::DIC}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Early::early or late}} gram-negative sepsis has {{c1::low}} insulin and {{c1::high}} glucose
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Early::early or late}} gram-negative sepsis presents with {{c1::high}} glucose levels due to impaired utilization
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Late::early or late}} gram-negative sepsis presnts with {{c1::high}} glucose levels due to insulin resistance
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Late::early or late}} gram-negative sepsis presents with {{c2::high}} insulin and {{c2::high}} glucose
Published	07/07/2024	Hyp{{c1::er}}glycemia usually occurs {{c2::before::before or after}} the patient becomes clinically septic
Published	07/07/2024	The most optimal glucose level in a septic patient is {{c1::80}}-{{c1::120}} mg/dL
Published	07/07/2024	C. diff colitis presents with {{c1::elevated}} WBC count
Published	07/07/2024	The diagnostic test for C. diff colitis is {{c1::ELISA::test}}, specifically looking for for {{c2::toxin A}}
Published	07/07/2024	C. diff colitis in pregnancy is treated with {{c1::oral vancomycin}}
Published	07/07/2024	C. diff colitis is treated with {{c1::oral vancomycin}}
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c3::first::first or second}} recurrence of C. diff is treated with {{c2::oral vancomycin}} or {{c1::oral fidaxomicin}}
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::second::first or second}} recurrence of C. diff is treated with {{c2::oral vancomycin}} followed by {{c3::oral rifaximin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Fulminant C. diff colitis presents with signs of {{c2::sepsis}}, {{c4::perforation}}, {{c3::toxic megacolon}}, and is treated with {{c1::total colecto…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::90}}% of abdominal abscesses contain a{{c2::nae}}robes
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::80}}% of abdominal abscesses have both anaerobes and aerobes
Published	07/07/2024	Most abdominal abscesses present {{c1::7}}-{{c1::10}} days after surgery
Published	07/07/2024	Are antibiotics routinely used for intra-abdominal abscesses without clinical signs?{{c1::No, (unless patient has specific comorbidities)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Abdominal abscesses should get antibiotics if they are high risk, which includes: - {{c1::diabetes::metabolic}} - {{c2::cellulitis…
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with abdominal abscess but NO comorbidities should only get antibiotics if they develop signs of {{c1::sepsis}}
Published	07/07/2024	CDC wound classification: A {{c1::clean}} wound involves surgery that does NOT enter a normal flora containing tract, aka wound without infl…
Published	07/07/2024	CDC wound classification: A {{c1::clean contaminated}} wound involves surgery where a normal-flora containing tract is e…
Published	07/07/2024	CDC wound classification: A {{c1::contaminated}} wound involves surgery that involves breaks in sterile technique, gross spillage from …
Published	07/07/2024	CDC wound classification: A {{c1::dirty}} wound involves surgery on old traumatic wounds, {{c2::necrotic}} tissue, or non-iatrogen…
Published	07/07/2024	Elective colon resection with prepped bowel is considered {{c1::clean contaminated::CDC wound classfication}}
Published	07/07/2024	Gunshot wound with perforated colon is considered {{c1::contaminated::CDC wound classification}}
Published	07/07/2024	Abdominal abscess surgery is considered {{c1::dirty::CDC wound classification}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common bacteria of surgical site infection is {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common gram negative bacteria in surgical site infections is {{c1::E. coli}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common {{c2::anaerobic}} bacteria in surgical site infections is {{c1::Bacteroides}}
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical infections within {{c3::48}} hours of surgery should be suspicious for {{c2::bowel injury}} or {{c1::soft tissue infection (nec fasc)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most commonly organ system infected in surgery patients is {{c1::urinary tract}}
Published	07/07/2024	The biggest risk factor for surgical UTIs is {{c1::having a Foley catheter}}
Published	07/07/2024	The leading cause of death in post-operative infection is nosocomial {{c1::pneumonia}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common organisms in ICU pneumonia are {{c1::S. aureus}}, {{c2::Pseudomonas}}, and {{c3::E. coli}}
Published	07/07/2024	Top 3 most common causes of {{c4::central line}} infections include {{c2::S. epidermidis::#1}}, {{c3::S. aureus::#2}}, and {{c1::yeast::#3}}
Published	07/07/2024	The central line site with the highest risk of infection is the {{c1::femoral}} vein
Published	07/07/2024	The least likely type of central line infection to be salvaged with antibiotics is from {{c1::yeast::organism}}
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with central line infection requiring long-term access have an antibiotic salvage rate of {{c1::50}}%
Published	07/07/2024	Central line infection salvage requires at least {{c1::2}} weeks of antibiotics and has a {{c2::50}}% success rate
Published	07/07/2024	Suspected line infection management involves 2 weeks of antibiotics, {{c1::moving the line to new site}} or placing peripheral IVs if central lin…
Published	07/07/2024	The most common organisms causing {{c2::necrotizing soft tissue}} infections are {{c1::Group A strep::#1}} and {{c1::Clostridium perfringens::#2}}
Published	07/07/2024	Necrotizing soft tissue infections progress very quickly (over the course of {{c1::hours::minutes/hours/days}})
Published	07/07/2024	Necrotizing soft tissue infection diagnosis is confirmed with {{c1::surgical exploration}}
Published	07/07/2024	Determining the likelihood of necrotozing soft tissue infections can be done with the {{c2::LRINEC}} score in conjunction with a {{c1::CT scan}}
Published	07/07/2024	To calculate the {{c4::LRINEC}} score in {{c5::necrotizing fasciitis}}, the lab tests ordered are {{c1::CRP}}, {{c2::CBC}}, and {{c3::CMP}}
Published	07/07/2024	Necrotizing fasciitis discharge is {{c2::gray}} in color and is calssically described as "{{c1::dirty dish water}}"
Published	07/07/2024	The most important aspect of treating necrotizing fasciitis is {{c1::EARLY surgical debridement}}
Published	07/07/2024	The major source of morbidity in {{c2::C. perfringens}} necrotizing fasciitis is the bacteria's production of {{c1::alpha toxin}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c5::Actinomyces}} most commonly presents with {{c1::pulmonary}} symptoms, but can cause {{c6::tortuous}} abscesses in {{c3::cervical}}, {{c2::thorac…
Published	07/07/2024	Actinomyces is treated with {{c2::surgical drainage}} and {{c1::penicillin G}}
Published	07/07/2024	Urinary catheter candiduria is treated with {{c1::removal of catheter only (no anti-fungals)}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Fluconazole}}-resistant candidal fungemia is treated with {{c1::anidulafungin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Aspergillosis is treated with {{c1::voriconazole}}
Published	07/07/2024	Severe histoplasmosis is treated with {{c1::liposomal amphotericin}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Cryptococcus::fungus}} usually infections occur in {{c2::AIDS}} patients and are treated with {{c1::liposomal amphotericin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Coccidiodomycosis is treated with {{c1::liposomal amphotericin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Peritoneal fluid {{c3::protein}} level less than {{c1::1}} g/dL is a risk factor for {{c2::spontaneous bacterial peritonitis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common causes of SBP include {{c3::E. coli::#1}}, {{c2::Streptococcus::#2}}, and {{c1::Klebsiella::#3}}
Published	07/07/2024	In SBP, peritoneal fluid cultures are often negative and should be suspected in cirrhotic patients with symptoms of altered {{c1::mental status}}, {{c…
Published	07/07/2024	The mechanism of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is due to {{c1::impaired immune response in acites}}
Published	07/07/2024	In SBP, bacteria are NOT opsonized and phagocytized due to ascitic fluid {{c1::complement}} deficiency
Published	07/07/2024	SBP is diagnostic with acitic fluid {{c1::PMNs}} greater than {{c2::250}} or {{c3::positive cultures}}
Published	07/07/2024	SBP is typically treated with {{c1::ceftriaxone}}
Published	07/07/2024	If SBP is NOT responding to ceftriaxone, you need to rule out {{c1::intra-abdominal source of infection (e.g. perforation or abscess)}}
Published	07/07/2024	SBP {{c2::is::is or is NOT}} a contraindication to liver {{c1::transplant}}
Published	07/07/2024	SBP prophylaxis in hospitalized ascites patients is achieved with {{c1::fluoroquinolones}}
Published	07/07/2024	SBP prophylaxis in patients with previous episode that resolved is achieved with {{c1::norfloxacin}}
Published	07/07/2024	The highest HIV transmission rates occur in {{c1::HIV blood transfusions}}, followed by {{c1::HIV positive pregnant mothers giving birth}}
Published	07/07/2024	Anti-retrovirals should be administered {{c2::1}}-{{c2::2}} {{c1::hours}} after HIV exposure
Published	07/07/2024	The most common indication for laparotomy in HIV patients is {{c1::opportunistic infections}}
Published	07/07/2024	The 2nd most common indication for laparotomy in HIV patients is {{c1::lymphoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of GI bleeding in HIV patients is caused by {{c1::CMV colitis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common location of HIV-related lymphoma is in the {{c1::stomach}}, followed by the {{c1::rectum}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common HIV-related lymphoma is {{c1::non-H}}odgkin's lymphoma
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Upp}}er GI bleeds are {{c2::less::more or less}} common than {{c2::low}}er GI bleeds in HIV patients
Published	07/07/2024	A normal CD4+ count is {{c1::800}}-{{c1::1,200}}
Published	07/07/2024	HIV patients become symptomatic when CD4+ count reaches {{c1::300}}-{{c1::400}}
Published	07/07/2024	HIV patients become prone to infection after their CD4+ count reaches <{{c1::200}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::60}}% of hepatitis C patients develop {{c1::chronic infection}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::15}}% of hepatitis C patients develop {{c1::cirrhosis}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::1-5}}% of hepatitis C patients develop {{c1::hepatocellular carcinoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hepatitis {{c2::C}} is curable with {{c1::sofosbuvir}} in combination with {{c1::ribavirin}}
Published	07/07/2024	CMV is transmitted via {{c1::leukocytes::cell type}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common infection in transplant patients is {{c1::CMV}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most deadly form of CMV infection is {{c1::pneumon}}itis
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::CMV::infection}} serology shows characteristic cellular {{c1::inclusion}} bodies
Published	07/07/2024	CMV treatment involves {{c1::ganciclovir}} and {{c2::Cytogam}} ({{c3::CMV immunoglobulin}})
Published	07/07/2024	The most common indications for CMV treatment are {{c2::severe infections}} and CMV-positive {{c1::organ transplants}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common lobe affected by aspiration pneumonia is the {{c2::sup}}erior segment of the {{c1::righ}}t {{c1::lower}} lobe
Published	07/07/2024	The most common organism in aspiration pneumonia is {{c1::Streptococcus pneumoniae}}
Published	07/07/2024	Brown recluse spider bites should be treated with early {{c1::oral dapsone}}
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical debridement in brown recluse spider bites {{c1::should NOT::should or should NOT}} be performed early
Published	07/07/2024	Large area {{c2::necrosis}} or {{c2::ulcers}} in brown recluse spider bites may require {{c1::wound debridement}} followed by {{c1…
Published	07/07/2024	Acute septic arthritis is most commonly caused by {{c1::Staph}}, followed by Gonococcus, H. influenzae, and Strep
Published	07/07/2024	Acute septic arthritis is treated with {{c2::drainage}}, {{c1::3rd degree cephalosporins}}, and {{c1::vancomycin}} until {{c3::cultures come back}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Diabetic}} foot infections are treated broad spectrum antibiotics {{c2::unasyn}} or {{c1::zosyn}}
Published	07/07/2024	Penetrating foot injuries through the sole of a shoe are most commonly infected by {{c1::Pseudomonas}}
Published	07/07/2024	Dog/cat/human bites are usually polymicrobial with the most common bacteria being {{c1::Streptococcus pyogenes}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Human}} bites more commonly have {{c1::Eikenella}}, whereas{{c2::dog/cat}} bites tend to have {{c1::Pasteurella multocida}}
Published	07/07/2024	Cat/dog/human bites are typically treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, usually {{c1::augmentin}}
Published	07/07/2024	A(n) {{c2::fur}}uncle is a {{c3::single}} boil usually caused by {{c1::Staphylococcus epidermidis}} or {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	07/07/2024	A(n) {{c2::carb}}uncle is a {{c1::multi-loculated}} boil
Published	07/07/2024	{{c4::Peritoneal dialysis catheter}} infections usually present with {{c1::cloudy}} peritoneal fluid, {{c2::abdominal pain::physical exam}}, and …
Published	07/07/2024	Peritoneal dialysis catheter infections are treated with {{c1::intraperitoneal::route}} {{c2::vancomycin}} and {{c3::gentamicin}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common causes of peritoneal dialysis catheter infections are {{c1::S. epidermidis::#1}}, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas
Published	07/07/2024	Peritoneal dialysis catheter infections that develop peritonitis for more than {{c2::4}}-{{c2::5}} days should be treated with {{c1::removal of cathet…
Published	07/07/2024	All infected peritoneal dialysis catheters shoud be {{c4::removed}} if the infection is caused by {{c1::a fungus}}, {{c2::Pseudomonas}}, or {{c3::tube…
Published	07/07/2024	Peritoneal dialysis catheter infection antibiotics are {{c2::less::more or less}} effective when administered {{c1::IV}} or {{c1::orally}}
Published	07/07/2024	Septic arthritis should NOT be aspirated if there is concomitant {{c1::cellulitis}}
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